003) and attitude (more intended risk-taking behavior selleckchem in travelers with prior travel experience, p < 0.001) but not on the knowledge of travelers. As a result, these (opposite) effects may cancel each other out and thus minimize the impact of this potential confounder. Another limitation of this study may be the use of CDC maps—in

which high risk countries are separated from intermediate risk countries—instead of the WHO maps, which combines intermediate-risk and high-risk countries. As a consequence, in our study, eg, Turkey was categorized as a low-to-intermediate-risk country, whereas it was an important provider of cases of imported hepatitis A, at least in the Dutch setting.15 Lastly, not all respondents belonged mutually exclusively to one risk group; this may limit the effect attributed to a certain risk profile. However, to keep the analysis straightforward and clear, we did not correct for these effects. In conclusion, the results of this questionnaire-based survey suggest that protection rates of Dutch travelers against hepatitis A increase every year in concert with a slight annual reduction in intended risk-seeking behavior. Travelers VFR and solo as well as last-minute

travelers to high-risk destinations were identified Thiazovivin cell line as the risk groups with the highest increase in relative risk for hepatitis A. These specific risk groups should be considered candidates for targeted interventions. This study was done with financial and logistic support from GlaxoSmithKline. Florfenicol Mr Michiel Vervoort is acknowledged for construction of the figure. Ms Kimberley Spong is acknowledged for English text-editing. Members of the Dutch Schiphol Airport Study Group

are: P. J. J. v G., MD, PhD (Havenziekenhuis, Rotterdam); P. G. H. M., MSc, PhD (Erasmus University, Rotterdam); Christian Hoebe, MD, PhD (GGD, Maastricht); Sietse Felix, MD (KLM Health Services, Amsterdam); P. P. A. M. v T., MD, PhD (Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam), and D. O., MD, PhD (Travel Clinic Havenziekenhuis, Rotterdam). P. J. J. v G. has received speaker’s fee and reimbursements from GlaxoSmithKline for attending symposia. D. O. has received speaker’s fee and reimbursements for attending symposia from GlaxoSmithKline and Sanofi Pasteur MSD. Other authors state they have no conflicts of interest to declare. “
“We would like to thank Drs Hagmann, Shah, and Purswani for their erudite discussion of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and for clarifying the interpretation and management strategy of the isolated positive anti-HBc. In the context of our study on hepatitis B virus (HBV) screening practices, we did not capture additional data on the management of the opportunities presented from positive results, and we also faced lack of space in our article to provide detailed description of the optimal further evaluations.

, 2010). In the same study, it was observed that the HSP30p-mediated expression of FLO11 ORF in either BM45 or VIN13 did not generate a flocculent phenotype under either standard laboratory media or synthetic MS300 must fermentation conditions. In the present study, we demonstrate that HSP30p-FLO11-based transgenic BM45 and VIN13 wine yeast strains are capable of a novel

MI-flocculation phenotype that seems to exclusively occur under authentic red wine fermentation conditions. This flocculation phenotype Veliparib order can be characterized as being partially Ca2+ dependent and Ca2+ independent. In particular, we show that HSP30p-FLO11 transgenic wine yeast strains displaying this trait were able to produce significantly clearer wines with compacted Pexidartinib ic50 lees fractions. All yeast strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Yeast strains were routinely cultivated at 30 °C in rich YEPD medium, containing 1% yeast

extract, 2% peptone and 2% glucose. For selection of sulphometuron methyl (SM)-resistant BM45 and VIN13 transformants, SC medium containing 0.67% YNB and 2% glucose was supplemented with 280 and 300 μg mL−1 SM (DuPont Agricultural Products, France), respectively. Yeast strains were cryopreserved in YEPD supplemented with 15% glycerol (Ausubel et al., 1995). The cell density of suitably diluted yeast cell suspensions in 100 mM EDTA was manually determined using a haemocytometer. Grapes of Vitis vinifera Merlot (200 kg) were rinsed with sulphited water, destemmed and crushed.

As a precaution, damaged grape clusters (broken or with visual microbial alterations) were discarded in order to eliminate undesirable contamination. Red grape must [24.2% sugar (glucose and fructose), 5.8 g L−1 titratable acidity and pH 5.8] was sulphited to 40 mg L−1. Low-density-lipoprotein receptor kinase Thereafter, red grape must was batch fermented in 20-L plastic buckets containing 3 kg of Merlot grape juice that was adjusted to exactly 10 kg by the addition of a mixture consisting of grape pulp and skins. This was followed by the addition of 4 g of diammonium phosphate. Yeast precultures in YEPD were prepared and processed as described previously (Govender et al., 2008). Thereafter, wild-type and transgenic yeast inoculum populations were preacclimatized for wine fermentations by incubation at 30 °C for 4 h with shaking at 160 r.p.m. in filter (0.22 μm cellulose acetate)-sterilized 50% v/v Merlot juice diluted with distilled water. The fermentative potential of BM45 and VIN13 wild-type strains and their transgenic derivatives were assessed in triplicate. Assuming a ratio of 0.

Synaptic blockers and BMI were kept in frozen aliquots at −20 °C and diluted to the appropriate final concentration immediately before use. Stock solutions of apamin (100 μm) were kept at 4 °C (extensive experience in our laboratory has shown that this is unproblematic when using supramaximal concentrations of the peptide), except for the concentration–response curves, in which case frozen aliquots of the appropriate stock solutions were used. Agatoxin IVA and ω-conotoxin GVIA were aliquoted and kept at −20 °C. Nifedipine was freshly prepared before each experiment; a stock solution was made in

DMSO and was protected from light. The final solution contained 0.1% DMSO. The sources of the compounds were as follows: selleck chemicals llc APV, CGP55845, MK801, CNQX, gabazine and mibefradil were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). Apamin, 8-OH-DPAT, nifedipine, phenylephrine, TEA, DBHQ (2,5-di(tert-butyl)hydroquinone) and WAY100635 were purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA), BMI from Fischer Scientific (Alost, Belgium),

ω-conotoxin GVIA from Bachem (Bubendorf, Switzerland) and tamapin from Alamone (Jerusalem, Israel), while 3,5-dichloro-N-[1-(2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-4-ylmethyl)-4-fluoro-piperidin-4-ylmethyl]-benzamide (TTA-P2; a selective blocker of T-type channels; Dreyfus et al., 2010) was generously provided by Merck and Co., Inc. After patch-clamp recordings of presumed serotonergic High Content Screening neurons, slices were fixed and used for immunostaining using both streptavidin conjugated to FITC and an anti-TPH antibody to visualize biocytin and TPH, respectively (see ‘Materials and methods’ for details).

Of a total of 18 cells that were stained with biocytin and also exhibited a significant outward current which was blocked by SK blockers (see below), all did also stain positively with the anti-TPH antibody (Fig. 1). These histological controls demonstrate Oxymatrine that most of the neurons used in our patch-clamp experiments were indeed serotonergic. A total of 99 neurons were recorded in the whole-cell configuration. These neurons had a very low spontaneous firing rate (n = 27, firing rate < 2 Hz) or were quiescent (n = 62). Membrane potential was −52.9 ± 5.4 mV (n = 99; Fig. 2A). A linear relationship was apparent between the intensity of current injection and voltage deflection at hyperpolarized membrane potentials, with no significant time-dependent sag (Fig. 2A). The input resistance was 490 ± 126 MΩ (mean ± SEM; n = 87) and the membrane time constant (τ) was 58 ± 13 ms (n = 70). These values had a rather low variance and their distribution was Gaussian, suggesting that they were obtained from a homogenous neuronal population. These measurements were obtained in the absence of synaptic blockers, as can be seen from Fig. 2A; however, measurements made on five neurons showed that their input resistance and time constant values were not significantly affected by the presence of the blockers.

1 deaths per million passengers from July 1, 1999 to June 30, 2000.18,43 Since each investigation used different methodologies, it is difficult to compare them to determine overall trends in the mortality of international passengers on commercial flights into the United States. Only one death was reported in a land border traveler, which likely is MDV3100 purchase a consequence of the U.S. Code of Federal

Regulations exclusion of land border carriers from reporting requirements.29 Our investigation had several limitations. Historically, cardiovascular diseases have been overdiagnosed in death certificates.44 There may be a misclassification bias in determining causes of death on conveyances which may result in overreporting of cardiovascular deaths. Causes of death were determined by different health-care professionals

with varying degrees of medical expertise and different methods of assigning the cause of death and completing the death certificate. For most deaths, we did not have access to death certificates and relied on data reported to quarantine stations. The cause of death reported by a cruise ship physician will likely be less accurate than that certified by a medical examiner. The ship’s personnel may have limited or no information on the deceased’s history of present illness and past medical history, and ships have limited diagnostic testing capability. Autopsies were conducted for only 17% of deaths in our investigation. Additionally, the wide range of thoroughness in the reporting of chronic click here medical conditions limited our ability to generalize our findings. This lack of reporting standards has been noted in previous traveler mortality investigations.15,18,20 Finally, QARS does not collect data on deaths on outbound international aircraft, deaths on cruises that begin and end at foreign ports, or deaths abroad. Travelers are strongly advised to seek pre-travel medical consultation to reduce the risk of travel-associated illness, injury, and death. The pre-travel consultation should be tailored to the traveler’s

itinerary and underlying medical conditions. Persons with chronic medical conditions and the Tacrolimus (FK506) elderly should discuss their fitness for a proposed travel itinerary with their health-care providers before booking travel and should develop contingency plans if illness develops during travel.25,45–47 Travelers with chronic medical conditions should obtain information on medical facilities available during travel and on the cruise ship, and should discuss this information with their providers to determine if these facilities will be adequate for their needs. Some travel medical experts recommend that cruise passengers with serious medical conditions should select cruises with “short distances between modern ports.”19 Chronic medical conditions including cardiovascular conditions should be stabilized and their management optimized before travel. If chronic conditions cannot be stabilized, then travel should be postponed or cancelled.

The main sources or vehicles of H1N1 transmission recognized by pilgrims were people with H1N1 (43%), air (39%), contaminated patient objects (25%), and poor hygiene (16%). Very few pilgrims (1%–3%) answered that animals, water, or food could be potential sources or vehicles of H1N1 transmission. The main ways to avoid H1N1 infection, as described by pilgrims, were hand hygiene (48%), wearing a mask (45%), using a hand

sanitizer (29%), staying away from sick people (28%), covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing (21%), and avoiding crowds or public gatherings (18%). Only 6% of pilgrims thought that H1N1 vaccine could keep them from getting H1N1 infection. A total of 3,218 swabs obtained from pilgrims just before and after the Hajj were tested for influenza A and B; respiratory syncytial virus; parainfluenza

virus 1, 2, 3, and 4; rhino-enterovirus; adenovirus; and three additional selleck chemicals llc respiratory agents: corona, metapneumo, and bocavirus (Table 4). The overall prevalence of any respiratory virus was 14.5% (465/3,218). The main viruses detected were rhino-enteroviruses (N = 414, 12.9%), coronaviruses (N = 27, 0.8%), respiratory syncytial virus (N = 8, 0.2%), and influenza A virus (N = 8, 0.2%) including pandemic influenza A(H1N1) (N = 3, 0.1%). Although coronaviruses (1.0% vs 0.2%) and respiratory syncytial virus (0.3% vs 0.0%) were slightly SD-208 more prevalent among departing pilgrims than among arriving pilgrims, none of these viruses or other detected viruses was significantly more prevalent in one group than the other. Figure 1 shows the prevalence rate of any respiratory virus infection by age group, gender, and H1N1-vaccination status. The prevalence of respiratory viruses was slightly but not significantly higher among those >60 years old and ≤40 years old compared to those 41–60 years old (who made up half of the survey samples). The prevalence of respiratory viruses Bupivacaine was similar in both males

and females (15.1% vs 14.5%, respectively) but lower among those who stated they got H1N1 vaccine compared to those who stated they did not (11.8% vs 15.6%, respectively, p = 0.009). At least one respiratory virus was detected in 14.5% of respiratory specimens from more than 3,200 pilgrims (Table 4). The overall detection of respiratory viruses is comparable to or lower than that found in previous studies performed among pilgrims with upper respiratory symptoms.7,8,12,13 Using different laboratory methods, 10%–32% of the pilgrims in these studies were found to be infected with a respiratory virus. Only three (0.1%) pilgrims were positive for pandemic influenza A(H1N1). This very low prevalence during the H1N1 2009 pandemic year was unexpected, especially in light of the expected high number of H1N1 cases among elderly pilgrims attending the 2009 Hajj season.

Homologous recombination with linear DNA for deletion of the original selleck target gene was performed according to the procedure previously reported with modifications (Datsenko & Wanner, 2000). In brief, PCR products containing the kan gene from pKD4 or pKD13 were electroporated into the E. coli strain harboring pKD46r and grown in LB agar containing KM (either 5 or 25 μg mL−1) and/or 3-β-indoleacrylic acid (IAA, inhibitor of TrpR) (25 μg mL−1). Deletion of the target gene was examined by PCR. Colonies grown in LB agar containing KM (5 μg mL−1) and IAA (25 μg mL−1) were suspended with sterile saline. Suspensions were diluted 10-fold serially with sterile

saline. Then, one hundred microliters of samples was spread onto LB agar without any supplement, LB agar containing IAA (25 μg mL−1), LB agar containing tryptophan (Trp, 1 mg mL−1), or LB agar containing Trp (1 mg mL−1) plus IPTG (10 mM) and then cultured at 37 °C for > 24 h. Finally, the number of colonies grown on the plates was enumerated. Colony-forming capacity was determined selleck chemicals by the appearance of visible colonies within

48 h of cultivation, and as a positive control, approximately 1000 colony-forming units (CFU) per plate of bacteria were spread on a plate. Colonies grown on LB agar containing KM (5 μg mL−1) and IAA (25 μg mL−1) were suspended with sterile saline and adjusted to OD600 nm = 0.08–0.10. These solutions were diluted 10 000-fold in LB broth and incubated in a shaking incubator at 120 r.p.m. at 37 °C for 2 h. After

incubation, IAA (25 μg mL−1) or IPTG (10 mM) plus Trp (1 mg mL−1) was added to each tube. Aliquots from each tube were removed at −1, 0, 1, 3, and 6 h, and then 10-fold serial dilutions were spread onto LB agar plates containing KM (5 μg mL−1) and IAA (25 μg mL−1). Viable colonies were enumerated after 24–48 h incubation at 37 °C with the limit of detection for the time-kill studies being 10 CFU mL−1. When no viable colony was detected in the undiluted culture, the sample was defined as 10 CFU mL−1. The wild-type lacI promoter is Selleck Dolutegravir very weak (Calos, 1978). For efficient lacI gene expression, the lacI promoter of E. coli K-12 MG1655 was replaced with lacI-35-10 promoter (Glascock & Weickert, 1998) by homologous recombination, and then the promoter of the clpA gene was replaced with lacUV5 promoter (Lanzer & Bujard, 1988), and the ORF of HA tag was fused in-frame to 3′-end of the clpA gene ORF. Next, the ORF region of the sdaB (Shao & Newman, 1993), a homologue of sdaA that is not essential for bacterial survival, was replaced with CP25e promoter, a constitutive promoter with modification for optimal sequences for E. coli (Jensen & Hammer, 1998), and the ubp1 ORF fused in-frame with FLAG tag ORF at 3′-end. No apparent phenotypic change by deletion of sdaB was observed. The protein expression of ClpA-HA (IPTG supplemented condition) and UBP1-FLAG in this strain was confirmed by Western blotting using anti-HA and anti-FLAG antibody respectively (data not shown).

To address this issue, we determined the intracellular level of l-alanine in the parent strain MLA301 in the presence or absence of chloramphenicol, a translational inhibitor (Fig. 4a). As expected, intracellular l-alanine was retained at a higher level in the presence of chloramphenicol, corresponding to R428 concentration a two- to fivefold increased concentration during the incubation time of between 5 and 10 min, compared with the level in the absence of chloramphenicol (Fig. 4a). It

should be noted that ethanol, which had been used to prepare a chloramphenicol stock solution, did not influence the intracellular level of l-alanine in this strain. This result clearly indicates that the expression of an l-alanine efflux system is induced under the conditions used. In contrast, LAX12 showed a similar intracellular I-BET-762 chemical structure l-alanine level irrespective of the presence or absence of chloramphenicol (Fig. 4b). Similarly, intracellular l-alanine in LAX16 did not change in the presence of chloramphenicol compared

with the level observed in the absence of chloramphenicol (data not shown). These results indicated that LAX12 and LAX16 lacked an inducible l-alanine export system. Because bacterial cells need to balance their metabolism, anabolism and catabolism, for healthy growth, even natural metabolites can cause growth arrest if they accumulate intracellularly to an extremely high level due to an imbalance. Indeed, such cases have been found for several amino acids, where the inability to export these compounds due to dysfunction of the relevant export systems leads to growth inhibition (Vrljic et al., 1996; Levetiracetam Simic et al., 2001; Kennerknecht et al., 2002). On the basis of this phenomenon, we isolated mutants, LAX12 and LAX16, lacking the ability to export l-alanine and showing extensive intracellular accumulation of l-alanine

when they were incubated in the presence of an l-alanine-containing dipeptide (Fig. 3a). Although the extent of growth inhibition of LAX12 and LAX16 in minimal medium containing Ala–Ala was somewhat different, both mutants started to grow after a period of cultivation (Fig. 2). The delayed growth might have been due to the appearance of revertants that had the same sensitivity to Ala–Ala as the parent strain. However, this possibility is very unlikely, because clones obtained after prolonged cultivation showed almost the same sensitivity to Ala–Ala as the respective original mutants (data not shown). Therefore, the growth delay in the presence of Ala–Ala seemed to be an inherent property of each mutant, and was not due to reversion. In a previous study on the l-cysteine export system of E. coli, a multicopy plasmid harboring the multidrug exporter bcr gene rendered the cells capable of exporting l-cysteine, suggesting that Bcr was involved in the export of the amino acid (Yamada et al., 2006).

To determine the optimal temperature for biofilm formation, the S. aureus attached to polypropylene was studied at different temperatures. We observed that this process was more efficient at 37 °C than at 30 or 25 °C (data not shown). Adhesion was also studied at different pH ranges (5.6–8.0). At a slightly acidic pH, the biofilm formation was 3.5-fold higher than at the basic

pH. However, at the physiological pH range, the biofilm formation was more stable (Fig. 2a). When different pH values were assayed, the extracellular metabolites (eROS and NO) increased significantly with a rise in pH. However, the increase in iROS was not as important at basic pH (Fig. 2b–d). The level of biofilm formation was inversely related to the extracellular metabolites acquired, and the increase of extracellular reactive species was also more significant PF-562271 chemical structure than iROS. We compared S. GSK2126458 aureus biofilm formation under aerobic and microaerobic growth

conditions in TSB and in thioglycolate medium, respectively. When assays were performed with thioglycolate medium in aerobiosis, an increase in biofilm formation was seen with respect to TSB (Fig. 3a). For this condition, the thioglycolate medium produced better biofilm formation, with lower ROS and ON occurring (Fig. 3b–d). The total production of biofilm with TSB medium was found to be approximately the same for both aerobic and microaerobic conditions at 37 °C. However, incubation under the microaerobic condition in thioglycolate medium resulted in significantly less biofilm formation for all the strains, compared with aerobic incubation (Fig. 4a). In contrast to the aerobic condition, for microaerobiosis, the biofilm formation in thioglicolate medium did not strongly stimulate biofilm formation, but produced eROS and NO (Fig. 4c

and d) (P vs. TSB <0.005). CSLM staining of the bacterial DNA and the glycopolysaccharide of the matrix was used to quantify structural biofilm changes with respect to differences in the culture conditions. Images were obtained using a CSLM microscope Racecadotril and two fluorescence stainings were used (propidium iodide and FITC–Con A). The panel in Fig. 4 shows laser scanning fluorescence images for XY (top) and XZ (bottom), of the glycocalyx matrix (green) and dead cells (red) of S. aureus ATCC 29213. Similar images were obtained with clinical strains (data not shown). Biofilm formation in the thioglycolate medium in aerobiosis was greater than in TSB (5.96 vs. 5.02 μm). In microaerophilia, in thioglycolate medium less biofilm was formed than for aerobiosis (5.96 vs. 5. 25 μm). The presence of microcolonies were observed with more dead cells (40%). The strains producing biofilm display greater adhesive abilities in comparison to nonproducing ones (Svensäter et al., 2001; Rollet et al., 2009).

To determine the optimal temperature for biofilm formation, the S. aureus attached to polypropylene was studied at different temperatures. We observed that this process was more efficient at 37 °C than at 30 or 25 °C (data not shown). Adhesion was also studied at different pH ranges (5.6–8.0). At a slightly acidic pH, the biofilm formation was 3.5-fold higher than at the basic

pH. However, at the physiological pH range, the biofilm formation was more stable (Fig. 2a). When different pH values were assayed, the extracellular metabolites (eROS and NO) increased significantly with a rise in pH. However, the increase in iROS was not as important at basic pH (Fig. 2b–d). The level of biofilm formation was inversely related to the extracellular metabolites acquired, and the increase of extracellular reactive species was also more significant Selleckchem Z-VAD-FMK than iROS. We compared S. 3-Methyladenine in vivo aureus biofilm formation under aerobic and microaerobic growth

conditions in TSB and in thioglycolate medium, respectively. When assays were performed with thioglycolate medium in aerobiosis, an increase in biofilm formation was seen with respect to TSB (Fig. 3a). For this condition, the thioglycolate medium produced better biofilm formation, with lower ROS and ON occurring (Fig. 3b–d). The total production of biofilm with TSB medium was found to be approximately the same for both aerobic and microaerobic conditions at 37 °C. However, incubation under the microaerobic condition in thioglycolate medium resulted in significantly less biofilm formation for all the strains, compared with aerobic incubation (Fig. 4a). In contrast to the aerobic condition, for microaerobiosis, the biofilm formation in thioglicolate medium did not strongly stimulate biofilm formation, but produced eROS and NO (Fig. 4c

and d) (P vs. TSB <0.005). CSLM staining of the bacterial DNA and the glycopolysaccharide of the matrix was used to quantify structural biofilm changes with respect to differences in the culture conditions. Images were obtained using a CSLM microscope TCL and two fluorescence stainings were used (propidium iodide and FITC–Con A). The panel in Fig. 4 shows laser scanning fluorescence images for XY (top) and XZ (bottom), of the glycocalyx matrix (green) and dead cells (red) of S. aureus ATCC 29213. Similar images were obtained with clinical strains (data not shown). Biofilm formation in the thioglycolate medium in aerobiosis was greater than in TSB (5.96 vs. 5.02 μm). In microaerophilia, in thioglycolate medium less biofilm was formed than for aerobiosis (5.96 vs. 5. 25 μm). The presence of microcolonies were observed with more dead cells (40%). The strains producing biofilm display greater adhesive abilities in comparison to nonproducing ones (Svensäter et al., 2001; Rollet et al., 2009).

Methods  Thirty-nine study participants contributed to extended consultation workshops. Sessions were supported by bio-photographic data of healthcare practices across a range of learn more different settings, and a final forum

event. Key findings  Thematic analysis of qualitative data, supported by the Nominal Group Work technique, led to a template containing 11 themes of positive and challenging aspects of patient-centred professionalism: safety, professional characteristics, relationships with patients, confidentiality and privacy, accessibility, training, professional pressures, services, environment, changing professional roles and patient characteristics. Themes, while descriptive and rich, highlight difficulties in defining this notion, which is both nuanced and ambiguous. While study participants were interested in the everyday examples of practice and interaction, they were strongly influenced

by their different agendas and experiences. Patients, for example, wanted a quick and efficient dispensing service, where their needs and expectations came first. Pharmacists, on the other hand, found that pressing patient demands and overarching company policies led to professional anxiety that distracted them from what they perceived to be the defining aspect of their professionalism, dispensary work. Conclusions  The study outcomes indicate, in line with international literature, Cyclopamine cost that while proud of supporting

patients, many pharmacists feel demoralised, torn between pressing public and professional demands and the expectations of advice-giving in unfamiliar, formal situations within nondescript, corporate workspaces. “
“To investigate whether there is potential for community pharmacies to Decitabine purchase help increase healthcare access and address unmet health needs of young people in New Zealand. A descriptive secondary analysis of the Youth’07 health and wellbeing survey data was undertaken alongside discussion meetings with a youth advisory group. Seventeen per cent (n = 1485) of all students had been unable to access care when required in the previous 12 months. Of these students, 86.0% cited barriers to accessing health care that are unlikely to be barriers in a community pharmacy setting (e.g. not being able to get an appointment). Thirty per cent (n = 2475) of students had experienced difficulty accessing health care in the past 12 months for various health issues, with over half of these (n = 1326) citing a health issue for which community pharmacies could provide services (e.g. minor health issues, smoking cessation). Although young people are generally considered to be fit and healthy, many have health needs that are currently unmet by traditional health services.