The compound was further evaluated for its therapeutic applicability. Antioxidant potential was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging assay and reducing power analysis. Moreover, the 17DMAG manufacturer glycoside was investigated to elucidate its potential for non-specific and site-specific deoxyribose

degradation. Proficiency in inhibiting lipid peroxidation was adjudged using thiobarbituric (TBA) assay on mice liver homogenate. Tinctoroid was found to exhibit efficacy in protecting DNA from oxidative injury inflicted by H2O2. The compound demonstrated moderate cytotoxicity in liver carcinoma (Hep3B) cells. In addition, it was found to be non-toxic in Swiss Albino mice. The compound isolated from genus Morinda, one of the pioneer hubs of therapeutic natural products, makes tinctoroid a viable option. Furthermore, efficacy of the compound in the aforesaid

assays, asserts its bioactivity and subsequently its importance as a potent therapeutic. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“OBJECTIVE: Volume replacement in septic patients improves hemodynamic stability. This effect can reduce the inflammatory response. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 7.5% hypertonic saline solution versus 0.9% normal saline solution for volume replacement during an inflammatory response in endotoxemic rats.

METHODS: We measured cytokines (serum and gut), nitrite, and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) as indicators of oxidative stress in the gut. Rats were divided into four groups: control group (C) that did not receive lipopolysaccharide; lipopolysaccharide injection without treatment (LPS); lipopolysaccharide injection with saline treatment (LPS + S); https://www.selleckchem.com/products/oicr-9429.html and lipopolysaccharide injection with hypertonic saline treatment (LPS + H). Serum and intestine were collected. Measurements

were taken at 1.5, 8, and 24 h after lipopolysaccharide administration.

RESULTS: Of the four groups, the LPS + H group had the highest survival rate. Hypertonic saline solution treatment led to lower levels of IL-6, IL-10, nitric oxide, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances compared to 0.9% normal saline. In addition, hypertonic saline treatment resulted Rabusertib in a lower mortality compared to 0.9% normal saline treatment in endotoxemic rats. Volume replacement reduced levels of inflammatory mediators in the plasma and gut.

CONCLUSION: Hypertonic saline treatment reduced mortality and lowered levels of inflammatory mediators in endotoxemic rats. Hypertonic saline also has the advantage of requiring less volume replacement.”
“In pigs, the hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2A and 2E1 activity is important in the regulation of skatole accumulation in adipose tissue. This study investigated gender-related differences in CYP1A2, 2A and 2E1 dependent activity, protein and mRNA expression. This study also investigated the gonadal steroid dependent inhibition of CYP activity in relation to gender and dietary composition.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of EpiLUTS-a population-representative, cross-sectional, Internet-based survey conducted to assess the prevalence and HRQL impact of urinary symptoms. UI was evaluated by the LUTS Tool and categorized by subgroups: no UI, urgency urinary incontinence (UUI), stress urinary incontinence (SUI),

mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) (UUI + SUI), UUI + other UI (OI), SUI + OI, and OI. Descriptive statistics were used. Logistic regressions examined the relationship of BMI to UI controlling for demographics and comorbid conditions.

Results

Response rate was 59%; 10,070 men and 13,178 women were included. Significant differences in BMI were found across UI subgroups. Obesity rates were highest among those with MUI (men and women), SUI + OI (women), UUI and UUI + OI (men). EGFR inhibitor Logistic regressions of each UI subgroup showed that BMI >= 30 (obese) was associated with UI in general and MUI (women) SBC-115076 and UUI + OI (men). Among women, being obese increased the odds of having SUI and SUI + OI. Women with BMI 25-29.9 (overweight)

were more likely to have UI in general and SUI with and without other incontinence (SUI, MUI, and SUI + OI). Being overweight was unrelated to any form of UI in men.

Conclusions

Results were consistent with prior research showing BMI is associated with higher risk of UI. These findings indicate substantial differences in obesity by gender and click here UI subtype, suggesting different mechanisms for UI other than purely mechanical stress on the bladder. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:392-399, 2014. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Purpose of review

There is increasing evidence to suggest that antibody-mediated mechanisms

play a role in the pathogenesis of liver allograft rejection. This article will review the pathology of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) focusing on recent studies which have improved our understanding of the clinicopathological features and diagnostic approaches.

Recent findings

Recent studies have investigated the patterns of immunohistochemical staining for C4d as a tissue marker of AMR in posttransplant biopsies, and have correlated these findings with other histopathological changes and with the presence of donor-specific antibodies (DSAs). These studies have highlighted the diagnostic applications and limitations of C4d immunostaining. They have also emphasized the importance of using strict criteria for defining ‘pure’ AMR in the liver allograft – that is, graft dysfunction associated with compatible histological findings (typically resembling biliary obstruction), the presence of DSAs and diffusely positive staining for C4d.

Summary

Pure AMR is relatively uncommon in ABO-compatible grafts – it should be diagnosed on the basis of strict criteria and requires treatment with antibody-depleting immunosuppression. C4d immunostaining in isolation has limited diagnostic value.

Radiographs were digitized and compared to the aluminum step-wedge. The radiographic density data were converted into millimeters of aluminum (mm Al), using the Digora 1.51 software. Results were evaluated statistically using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test. The level of significance was set at 5% (P<.05%).

Results. Radiopacity values

ranged from 1.21 mm Al (light-cured MTA) to 6.45 mm Al (MTA Angelus). Comparison between materials showed significant difference (P<.05) between MTA Angelus and all other materials, between Sealepox RP and MTA Bio, and between light-cured MTA and Portland cement clinker. Light-cured MTA was significantly less radiopaque than all other materials. No significant difference (P>.05)

was found between MTA LDN-193189 chemical structure Bio and Portland cement clinker.

Conclusions. All retrograde filling materials evaluated showed greater radiopacity than dentin. All the materials, SB203580 chemical structure except light-cured MTA met the minimum radiopacity standards of 3 mm Al recognized by the ISO 6876: 2001 and ADA n.57. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009; 108: e35-e38)”
“Study Design. Content analysis of patient interviews, clinic letters, and radiology reports for patients with chronic low back pain of greater than 12 months duration.

Objective. To explore the language used by patients and healthcare professionals to describe low back pain and any potential effect on patient perceived prognosis.

Summary of Background Data. Diagnostic explanations by healthcare professionals may influence patient coping and uptake of therapy by patients with chronic low back pain. Although the correlation between radiologic changes and chronic low back pain is weak, these investigations are often used by clinicians as an explanation of

the underlying cause for the pain.

Methods. Patients were asked about their understanding of the mechanisms underlying their pain, flares, and future outcome. Notes from these interviews were transcribed, along with correspondence from primary care physicians, orthopedic surgeons and pain physicians, and lumbar spine radiology reports for these patients. Content analysis was performed to identify and group key terms.

Results. Two major categories representing the predominant themes NSC23766 cost emerging from the content analysis were “”Degeneration”" and “”Mechanical.”" Degenerative terms such as “”wear and tear”" and “”disc space loss”" indicated a progressive loss of structural integrity. Examples of phrases used by patients included “”deterioration [...] spine is crumbling”" and “”collapsing [...] discs wearing out.”" The use of degenerative terms by patients was associated with a poor perceived prognosis (P < 0.01). Degenerative and mechanical terms were more commonly used by patients when they were documented in correspondence from secondary care specialists (P = 0.03 and 0.

If these diagnostic results are positive, treatment options such as surgery, external radiotherapy and tumour embolisation should be considered. If diagnostic results are negative, BYL719 cost one course of I-131 treatment may be considered in high-risk patients with serum Tg >10 ng/mL after TSH withdrawal or >5 ng/mL under recombinant human TSH stimulation. No further I-131 therapy is indicated for patients with a negative post-therapy radioiodine scan. (C) 2010

The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Three all-electrical detection techniques-differential resistance (dV/dI), rf/microwave transmission, and spin rectification measurements-were used to measure the magnetic response of individual patterned Permalloy structures. PFTα in vitro The investigated techniques enable the identification of distinctive magnetization states, such as vortex nucleation and excitation, domain wall motion, ferromagnetic resonance, and spin wave excitations both in the quasistatic and dynamic regimes. The techniques differ in signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity to the different types of magnetization responses studied here, suggesting

that the use of multiple techniques can significantly improve the understanding of magnetically complex structures. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3544480]“
“In this work we report the Vadimezan chemical structure properties of nanocomposite based on PET with two different samples of organically modified montmorillonites. In particular, we studied the effect of the filler

concentration on morphology, rheology, and mechanical performance, focusing our attention on the effect of the degradation phenomena of the clay modifiers. The results indicate that at low clay level the morphology achieved is mainly intercalated. On increasing the filler level, coalescence and/or bad defragmentation phenomena induce a coarser morphology, as confirmed by XRD, SEM, and TEM observations. When a more polar organic modifier is used to modify the clay, the particle adhesion and distribution is slightly better. Conversely, at the processing temperatures adopted, this organic modifier induces a strong degradation of PET, as confirmed by melt rheology and intrinsic viscosity measurements. DSC indicates, in addition, a slight increase of crystallinity likely due to the decreased molecular weight. As regards the mechanical properties, Young’s modulus is not significantly changed unless high amounts of clay (10%) are used while the elongation at break drops even at the lowest clay content. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

5% sodium lauryl sulfate (w/v) at pH 6.8 (adjusted with 18% phosphoric acid) as the dissolution medium. The model-independent method using

difference factor (f (1)) and similarity factor (f (2)), model-dependent method, and dissolution efficiency were employed to compare dissolution profiles. The kinetic parameters of drug release were also investigated. The obtained results provided adequate dissolution profiles. The developed dissolution test was validated according to international guidelines. Since there is no monograph for this drug in tablets, the dissolution method presented here can be used as a quality control test for OLM in this dosage form, especially in a batch to batch evaluation.”
“P>The last decade has witnessed outstanding progress in sequencing the genomes of photosynthetic eukaryotes, from AR-13324 molecular weight major cereal crops to single celled marine

phytoplankton. For the algae, we now have whole genome sequences from green, red, and brown representatives, and multiple efforts based on comparative and functional genomics approaches have provided information about the unicellular origins of higher plants, and about the evolution of photosynthetic life in general. Here we present some of the highlights from such studies, including the endosymbiotic origins of photosynthetic protists and their positioning with respect to plants and animals, the evolution of multicellularity in photosynthetic lineages, the role of sex in unicellular algae, Small molecule library in vitro and the potential relevance of epigenetic processes in contributing to the adaptation of algae to their environment.”
“A series of bimodal LDN-193189 price high density polyethylene (PE) with different molecular weight distributions (MWDs) were prepared

by melt blending, and the fitting multipeaks on Gaussian were used to analyze the MWD curves, and the ratio of the areas under unimodal curves was as a tool to characterize the MWD; the phase behaviors and rheological behaviors were studied by dynamic rheological. The results showed that homogeneous bimodal high density PEs could be successfully prepared via melt blending, and the bimodal characteristic could be adjusted as expected. For samples with the MWD peak positions unvaried, the storage modulus, complex viscosity, and zeroshear viscosity decreased rapidly with the value of A(L/U) increasing. Especially in the low frequency region, the loss modulus surpassed the storage modulus (G ” > G’) when A(L/U) > 10.17 and the dynamic cross-point Gx appeared and increased with increasing A(L/U), with an increasing extent much larger than that due to the width of MWD. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 1543-1549, 2011″
“The recent challenge in orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) manufacturing encompasses the compromise between instantaneous disintegration, sufficient hardness, and standard processing equipment.

Despite intensive care management, the prognosis in SJS and TEN is often poor and influenced by the amount of skin detachment as well as the age of the patients and the pre-existing underlying conditions. Severe sequelae may develop in survivors and affect especially mucosal sites. The prognosis of GBFDE is better but recurrent events may lead to more severe involvement. In HSS/DRESS sequelae have been also described as well as long lasting and recurrent courses, whereas AGEP usually heals without problems.”
“BACKGROUND:Production of cellulosic ethanol is still expensive compared with corn (maize)

grain ethanol due to the high costs of bulk production of microbial cellulases. At least three cellulases including endo-cellulase, exo-cellulase find more and cellobiase are needed to convert cellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars. All these cellulases could be self-produced within cells of transgenic bio-energy crops. The production of heterologous Acidothermus cellulolyticus (E1) endo-cellulase in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of green tissues

of transgenic corn plants was recently reported, and it was confirmed that the heterologous E1 converts cellulose into fermentable sugars.

RESULTS:Biologically active A. cellulolyticus E1, Trichoderma reesei 1,4-beta-cellobiohydrolases I (CBH I) exo-cellulase and bovine rumen Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens cellobiase were expressed Epigenetics inhibitor in corn plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), apoplast (cell wall areas) and vacuole respectively. Results show that the ratio 1:4:1 (E1:CBH I:cellobiase) of crude heterologous cellulases is ideal for converting ammonia fiber SB203580 mouse explosion (AFEX) pretreated corn stover into fermentable sugars.

CONCLUSIONS:Corn plants that express all three biologically active heterologous cellulases within their cellulosic biomass to facilitate conversion of pretreated corn stover into fermentable sugars is a step forward in the quest for alternatives to the presentmicrobial cellulase mix production for cellulosic biofuels. (C) 2011 Society of Chemical Industry”
“OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the California Maternal Quality

Care Collaborative risk groups predicted the risk of peripartum hemorrhage and to determine which women should have peripartum pretransfusion testing performed.

METHODS: Over a 1-year period, 10,134 women who delivered at a single hospital were included in this retrospective cohort study. The majority of the California Maternal Quality Care Collaborative risk factors were assessed retrospectively. Each mother was assigned to one of the three peripartum hemorrhage risk groups according to the guidelines. The individual peripartum hemorrhage risk factors and the three risk groups correlated with the occurrence of a significant peripartum hemorrhage (a hemorrhage requiring transfusion of 1 unit or more of red blood cells).

Hepatoprotective effect of combination of 6, 7 and silymarin with the diterpene sugiol was also explored.”
“The bystander effect, whose essence is an interaction of cells directly subjected to radiation with adjacent non-subjected cells, via molecular signals, is an important component of ionizing radiation action. However, knowledge of the bystander effect in the case of ultraviolet (UV) radiation is quite limited. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated by UV in exposed cells induce bystander effects in non-exposed

cells, such as reduction in clonogenic cell survival and delayed cell death, oxidative DNA damage and gene mutations, induction of micronuclei, lipid peroxidation and apoptosis. Although the bystander effect after UV radiation has been recognized in cell culture systems, its occurrence in vivo has not been studied. However, solar UV radiation, which is the main source of Smad inhibitor UV in the environment, may induce in human dermal tissue an inflammatory response and immune suppression, events which can be considered as bystander effects of UV radiation. The oxidative damage to DNA, genomic instability

and the inflammatory response may lead to carcinogenesis. UV radiation is considered one of the important etiologic factors for skin cancers, basal- and selleck products squamous-cell carcinomas and malignant melanoma. Based on the mechanisms of actions it seems that the UV-induced bystander effect can have some impact on skin damage (carcinogenesis?), and probably on cells of other tissues. The paper reviews the existing data about the UV-induced bystander selleck chemicals llc effect and discusses a possible implication of this phenomenon for health risk.”
“We report a 9-month-old male patient with autoimmune enteropathy treated with intravenous methylprednisolone who developed firm, red, subcutaneous nodules 20 days after abrupt steroid interruption. The diagnosis of poststeroid panniculitis (PSP) was made based on clinical and histological grounds. PSP is an unusual complication of systemic corticosteroid therapy, which might occur following rapid steroid tapering or withdrawal. Physicians

should be aware of this rare condition and distinguish it from other causes of erythematous subcutaneous nodules and plaques in children.”
“This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of two ethnobotanically important plant species Carissa opaca and Toona ciliata against cancer cells. Antiproliferative activity of the plant extracts and their fractions was tested against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line using MTT assay. A concentration dependent inhibition was observed for both crude extracts. C. opaca crude extract showed 78.5% inhibition while T ciliata showed 57% activity against cancer cells at 500 mu g/ml. Fractions were tested at 200 mu g/ml concentration and were more active than crude extracts. Chloroform fraction of C. opaca showed maximum inhibition 99% followed by ethyl acetate and methanol fraction of C.

Methods Twenty cancer patients, ten family members and eight physicians participated in this study. Data were collected via semi-structured, in-depth interviews and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results Three categories were identified: cancer avoidance, a climate of non-disclosure and mutual concern. The findings demonstrated that cancer is a taboo subject and the word cancer, as well as other indicative terms, was rarely used in daily communication. A climate of non-disclosure predominated because patients were the last to know their diagnosis,

they were unaware of their prognosis, and family members and physicians employed strategies to conceal this information. The mutual concern of patients, family members and physicians was the main reason that cancer was not discussed. Raf inhibitor SIS 3 Conclusion Cancer is a taboo subject in Iran that is maintained and reinforced primarily because of the mutual concern of patients, family members and physicians. The first step to address this taboo and inform cancer patients of their diagnosis would be to understand and help mitigate the individual, family and social consequences of disclosure. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Obesity has a rising prevalence in children and adolescents, affecting 30% of the paediatric population

in Portugal. Leptin is an important hormone involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and has been under investigation as a risk marker for future complications.

Aims: 1. To evaluate the relation between serum leptin levels and body mass index (BMI) and height. 2. To compare leptin levels in obese and non-obese children.

3. To evaluate the relation between leptin levels and insulin resistance index.

Methods: Cross-sectional study, using a sample of 70 obese children and a control group Nutlin3 of 53 non-obese children. Obesity was defined as BMI standard deviation >2 for age and sex. In the obese group we assessed sex, age, BMI SDS and height SDS for age and sex, and serum levels of glucose, insulin and leptin. In the control group were obtained BMI SDS and height SDS for age and sex and leptin levels. Data were analysed using SPSS 12.

Results: The mean age of obese and non-obese children was 10.3 +/- 2.9 versus 10.9 +/- 3.5 years. In the obese group, 32 (45.7%) were boys versus 18 (31.0%) in the non-obese group. BMI SDS in the obese group was 3.12 +/- 0.60 versus 0.20 +/- 0.99 in the non-obese group (p <0.001). Leptin levels showed a positive correlation with BMI SDS (r = 0.69; p <0.001) and height SDS (r = 0.31; p <0.001). When comparing leptin levels between obese and non-obese groups, we found a significant difference in boys (50.7 +/- 27.3 versus 7.0 +/- 6.8 ng/ml; p <0.001) and in girls (57.6 +/- 25.5 versus 16.5 +/- 10.3 ng/ml; p <0.001). In the non-obese group, leptin levels were lower in boys.

The aim of the present study was to verify the safety and efficacy of play therapy plus toilet training in a small sample of prepubertal children affected by FNRFS.

Materials and methods: Twenty-six patients (group 1; 16 males, mean age of 5.92 +/- 0.84 years) underwent a psychomotor approach therapy program in association with toilet training for 6

months, and the other 26 subjects (group 2; 17 males, mean age of 5.76 +/- 0.69) underwent the sole toilet training program for 6 months. During the observational time period (T0) and after 6 months (T1) of both treatments, the patients were evaluated for FNRFS frequency and for the behavioral assessment.

Results: Selleckchem Adriamycin At T0, the FNRFS mean frequency per month for group 1 was 20.115 episodes/month (standard deviation [SD] +/- 3.024) and for group 2 was Selleckchem CA4P 20.423 (SD +/- 1.879) (P = 0.661). At T1 the mean frequency per month was 6.461 (SD +/- 1.333) episodes/month and 12.038 (SD +/- 1.341), respectively (P < 0.001). Moreover, the delta percent average of the frequency between T0 and T1 was 67.121 +/- 8.527 for group 1 and 40.518 +/- 9.259 for group 2 (P < 0.001). At

T1, a significant improvement in scores on the behavioral scale was identified.

Conclusion: Our preliminary results show the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, and suggest the positive effect of an additional psychomotor approach, as this holds a new and interesting rehabilitative purpose for children in Selleck MDV3100 a toilet training program, even if further research

is necessary.”
“This paper proposes a technique for simultaneously monitoring the thickness of a SiO2 thin film and the temperature of a Si substrate. This technique uses low-coherence interferometry and has the potential to be used for online monitoring of semiconductor manufacturing processes. In low-coherence interferometry, when the optical path length of a layer is shorter than the coherence length of the light source, the two interference at the top and bottom interfaces of the layer overlap each other. In this case the detected peak position of the interference is shifted from the actual interface, resulting in an error in the temperature measurement, since the temperature is derived from the optical path length of the layer. To improve the accuracy of the temperature measurement, the effect of the overlapping interference was compensated by measuring the SiO2 thickness. The thickness of the Si substrate was 750 mu m and the thickness of the SiO2 film was varied between 0 and 2 mu m. The SiO2 thickness, which is shorter than the coherence length of the light source, was measured from the ratio of interference intensities of two superluminescent diodes (wavelengths: 1.55 and 1.31 mu m). The measured ratio corresponded well with the theoretical one for SiO2 film thicknesses between 0 and 2 mu m, and the error was less than 25 nm. The Si temperature was measured from the optical path length.

Bone microstructure index and trabecular separation of rats treated with cadmium were obviously lower (-50%) and significantly higher (+150%) than that in the control group. Bone biomechanical property decreased by 30%-60% in cadmium treated rats compared to control. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b LCL161 datasheet and alkaline phosphatase levels of rats treated with cadmium were

significantly higher than those in control, but serum osteocalcin level decreased greatly by cadmium. Obvious proximal tubule damage occurred after cadmium exposure. These observations gave clear and comprehensive evidence that cadmium exposure could induce itai-itai-like syndrome in male rats.”
“Fractionation of a MeOH/CH(2)Cl(2) (1/1) extract of the aerial parts of Senecio erechtitoides led to the isolation of six compounds including the hitherto unknown N-phenethylamide derivative named N-(p-hydroxyphenethyl)pentacosanamide (1), and a kauranoid derivative named derivative named ent-7-oxo-16 alpha,17-dihydroxykauran-19-oic acid (2), as well as four known compounds, ent-Kaur-16-en-19-oic

acid (3), ent-7 beta-hydroxykaur-16-en-19-oic acid (4), ent-7-oxokaur-16-en-19-oic acid (5), steppogenin 4′-O-beta-D-glucoside (6). Their structures and relative configurations were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods, chemical buy Quizartinib reactions, and comparison with previously known analogs. All isolates were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity and only diterpenoids were found to possess a potent inhibitor effect against the range of microorganism. (C) 2010 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“This review highlights the materials, mechanisms and applications of microencapsulation

by interfacial polycondensation in different selleck areas. This technology entraps active ingredients inside microcapsules/microspheres, having an average diameter ranging from nanosize to several 100 mu. Polycondensation reactions take place at the boundary of two phases to form the shells of microcapsules or matrix microspheres. The emulsion can be classified into three types: water-in-oil, oil-in-water and oil-in-oil. According to the hydrophilic-lipophilic property of core phase, different active substances, such as proteins, enzymes, insecticides, herbicides, vitamins, catalysts, drugs, essential oils, dyes and phase change materials, have been successfully incorporated into different microcapsules/microspheres. Based on the shell-forming materials, this technology is capable of preparing polyamine, polyurea, polyurethane, polythiourea, polyester, polyepoxide, polyacrylamide and polysiloxane microcapsules. Over the past two decades, microcapsules prepared by interfacial polycondensation have been widely used in carbonless paper, cosmetics, pharmacy, agriculture, energy storage/transfer, thermal insulation/regulation and information and magnetic recording.