, 2003; Mayapan; AD 1100–1300; Peraza Lope et al., 2006; Wild Cane Cay, McKillop, 1989 and McKillop, 2005) and Lamanai was occupied into the 17th century (Graham et al., 1989).

Maya writing persisted along with a derivative calendrical system until Spanish contact when both systems were R428 cost lost and most books, save four remaining examples, were burned (Stuart, 2011). A variety of Maya languages persisted, and there has been a resurgence of Maya speaking peoples throughout the region today. Widespread economic and political collapse in the Terminal Classic central lowlands resulted from complex socio-ecological processes. These occurred within the context of expanding populations and associated environmental impacts along with climate change and adaptations favoring integration as well as disintegration (Yaeger and Hodell, 2008, Scarborough and Burnside, 2010 and Dunning

et al., 2012). There is a large literature characterizing or questioning societal collapses (Diamond, 2005 and McAnany and Yoffee, 2010) and how and why they may occur (Yoffee and Cowgill, 1988, Tainter, 1988 and Turchin, 2003). Compared with many societal transformations recorded in the archeological record, the Classic Maya collapse was dramatic, involved an extended interval of conflict and war, was fraught with human suffering or variance in well-being (sensu Wood, 1998), resulted in population dislocation and decline, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-888.html and instigated major restructuring of political and economic systems. In our discussion we consider the severity of these transformations using the “rigidity trap”

concept from resilience theory ( Hegmon et al., 2008) as a point of connection with the environmental transformations associated with the Anthropocene. Classic Maya (AD 300–900; Goodman-Martínez-Thompson [GMT] correlation; Kennett et al., 2013) civic-ceremonial life was centered upon the institution of kingship (Demarest, 2004b). The city-states or polities (sensu Webster, 1997) governed by these kings, with a small group of non-food producing elite, extended across the Yucatan Peninsula and south through adjacent portions of modern day Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and Honduras. Emblem glyphs associated with this office are known from forty-four BCKDHB of the largest and most influential centers ( Martin and Grube, 2000; Fig. 1) and architecture and stone monuments at many other centers suggest the existence of comparable royal positions. These cities were dispersed or low-density urban centers (6–12 people per hectare; Drennan, 1988, though up to 26–30 at Chunchumil; Dahlin et al., 2005) as opposed to higher density Mesoamerican cities such as Teotihuacan or Tenochtitlan (50–130 people per hectare; see Feinman and Nicholas, 2012). Events in the lives of the most successful kings were commemorated with dated hieroglyphic texts carved on stone monuments (stela) and wooden lintel beams.

Mitochondria and PS 341 cytosolic protein extracts were prepared using a Mitochondria Isolation Kit (Pierce) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Isolated mitochondria were solubilized in

a lysis buffer containing 20mM Tris–HCl (pH 7.5), 1% NP-40, 150mM NaCl, 0.5% deoxycholate, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 2mM MgCl2, 1mM ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA), 50mM β-glycerol phosphate, 25mM NaF, 1mM DTT, 1mM Na3VO4 with 2 mg/mL leupeptin, 2 mg/mL pepstatin A, 2 mg/mL antipain, and 1mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). The mitochondrial proteins were then subjected to immunoblotting analysis using antibodies against Bax and Bak. The cytosolic proteins were subjected to immunoblotting analysis using antibody against cytochrome Selleckchem BMS387032 c. The treated cells were washed with

ice-cold PBS and solubilized in a lysis buffer containing 20mM Tris with a pH of 7.5, 2mM MgCl2, 1mM DTT, 0.5% Triton X-100, 1mM EGTA, 25mM NaF, 1mM Na3VO4, 50mM ®-glycerol phosphate, 2 mg/mL leupeptin, 2 mg/mL pepstatin A, 2 mg/mL antipain, and 1mM PMSF. After incubating on ice for 1 h, the insoluble materials were removed by centrifugation at 14,000 × g for 15 min. 50 μg of protein from each sample was analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), followed by electrotransfer onto a PVDF membrane (Millipore). The membrane was blocked with 5% nonfat milk in PBS with 0.1% Tween 20 and probed with the antibodies. The blots were washed and incubated with a horseradish peroxidase-coupled antimouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) or an antirabbit IgG antibody (Pierce) followed by detection with an electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) revelation system (Bio-Rad). All values are performed in triplicate and expressed as mean ± standard deviation with Microsoft Office 2013 and imaged with Sigmaplot 10 (Systat Software Inc, San Jose, CA, USA). A Student t test was used for quantitative analysis, and the significant Etofibrate difference is shown as * p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. To determine the types of ginsenoside in SG, we analyzed MeOH extract of SG by an analytical high-performance

liquid chromatography. As shown in Fig. 1, the amount of four main ginsenosides in the total ginsenosides were 20(S)-Rg3 (11.33%), 20(R)-Rg3 (6.88%), Rk1 (16.72%), and Rg5 (11.97%). As shown in Fig. 1, the amount of ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, and RK1 reached 50% of total ginsenosides in SG. A number of studies showed that (20S) ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, and RK1 inhibit cell viability in various human cancer cells. We then examined whether SG features cytotoxic activity in human cancer cells in human cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa cells, human colon cancer SW111C cells, and SW480 cells through an MTT assay. Fig. 2 illustrates that SG exhibited a moderate cytotoxicity against the HeLa, SW111C, and SW480 cells with IC50 values of 94 μg/mL, 78 μg/mL, and 224 μg/mL, respectively.

For these analyses, the

18 subjects available were adequate. The availability of more observations would augment the precision of the estimates and enable independent cross-validation. Reductionistic and modular analysis of individual behavioral indicators may fail to capture trends that can become evident when multiple modules are considered simultaneously. This study compared the results from reductionistic and systemic multivariate or multidimensional approaches to understand the changes in behavioral indicators associated with infection status. Four sickness indicators and three depression-like indicators were measured in mice receiving either one of three BCG-treatment levels. Mice treated with BCG exhibited sickness as indicated by changes in body weight during the first days after the challenge. Although the difference in sickness indicators learn more between BCG-treatment groups subsided by Day 5, differences in depression-like indicators

were detected in subsequent days. The previous trends were weaker or less recognizable in the univariate reductionist analysis than in the multivariate systemic analysis. Our results showed that the classical univariate analysis of indicators individually may fail to capture borderline trends. This finding is important because detecting subtle differences between treatment groups or subjects within treatment group is becoming more critical with the recognition of the effectiveness of individualized Cetuximab research buy therapies. Furthermore, the multivariate and multidimensional approaches offered information on the relationship between behavioral indicators and between mice within and across treatment groups, in addition to traditional test statistics. Cluster, multidimensional reduction and scaling analyses further characterized the interplay between sickness and depression-like indicators. The distribution of mice across sickness and depression-like dimensions confirmed that the BCG5 treatment elicited weaker changes in sickness and depression-like indicators than

the BCG10 treatment. Also, the distribution of mice within BCG-treatment group confirmed mouse-to-mouse variation on the susceptibility to challenge across the multiple behavior indicators. This result suggests that studies aimed at characterizing Erastin supplier mouse-to-mouse variation may consider low BCG dose levels. Subject-to-subject variation in behavioral response to infection and identification of differential susceptibility has been reported in humans (Walker et al., 2011). Beyond the polygenic nature of susceptibility to BCG challenge, results from the multivariate analysis suggested an epistatic mode of action of some genes across indicators. The impact of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase on the development of BCG-induced behavioral changes has been demonstrated (O’Connor et al., 2009).

The Societies supporting bone research

all benefited from Greg’s leadership and wisdom. He was always a strong advocate for his views, and these views always represented ABT-263 research buy better ways to foster and communicate good science. He was active in promoting opportunities for interaction and for strengthening the impact of the bone biology community. As secretary-treasurer of ASBMR, he helped to restructure that organization and strengthen its base of scientists and clinicians. Greg was a real leader and role model for young scientists and a man of great integrity, was elected President of ASBMR and of IBMS, providing a strong guiding hand for the latter Society through a time of change, Chair of the Research Grants’ Committee and a Board member of the National Osteoporosis Foundation, and co-founder of the Cancer and Bone Society and later its President. He served for many years on Editorial Boards of several major journals and received many awards and distinctions, including

the Fuller Albright, William F. Neuman Awards of ASBMR, and the Pieter Gaillard Award of IBMS. In 2006 he came to establish a new group at Vanderbilt University to study bone biology and particularly focus on how the skeleton affects cancer growth. It was a bold move for someone 63 years of age, but entirely consistent with his adventurous and innovative spirit, and undertaken at a time of great scientific productivity. He did this with remarkable success, recruiting first class Faculty Protein kinase N1 and rapidly establishing productive collaborations within Vanderbilt that set the scene for real progress. The continued success of the Vanderbilt selleck screening library Center in Bone Biology will be part of the enduring monument that comprises Greg Mundy’s great career. Despite the physical limitations imposed by his illness that began in late 2008, Greg was determined to live life to the full, with the courage and indomitable spirit that were typical of him. He continued worked throughout 2009, full of ideas and plans, speaking at the IBMS and CABS

Meetings in Sydney in March, and as late as December giving talks at the American Society of Hematology Meeting in New Orleans and the Breast Cancer Conference in San Antonio. Despite working overseas for nearly 40 years, there was never any doubt about Greg’s origin – the accent and demeanor remained unmistakably Australian. For all said here about Greg’s achievements, he was above all a family man, with great devotion to his wife, Helen, who traveled with him much, understood his work and was his very valued critic, and great pride in his children. Greg’s family provided wonderful support at home during his final illness, which he accepted with great courage, grace and dignity that were inspirational. Greg is survived by Helen, his wife of 43 years, his children, sons Gavin and Ben, daughter Jennifer, and sister, Jan Tarrant. “
“In Fig.

All patients gave informed consent with Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor approval by the relevant ethics committees as previously described. 8, 10 and 17 Patients were excluded if they were human immunodeficiency virus positive or hepatitis B virus surface antigen positive. The patients are classified into the following 3 cohorts: (1) exposed uninfected (EU) cohort, (2) spontaneous resolving (SR), and (3) chronically infected individuals. Seventy-four individuals were recruited from Dartmoor Prison, needle exchanges, community drug services, and hostels in Plymouth, United Kingdom. All these individuals were of Caucasian ethnicity. They had

an extensive history of past or present injection drug use. This group was defined as being both HCV antibody (third generation enzyme linked immunosorbent NVP-BGJ398 assay, Abbott IMx, Abbott Diagnostics, Maidenhead, Berkshire, United Kingdom) and HCV RNA (Amplicor, Roche Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA) negative on at

least 2 occasions, 3–6 months apart with subsequent testing on an approximate 6 monthly basis to ensure that this profile remained unchanged. Forty-two of these cases had been genotyped previously for KIR2DL2/3 and HLA-C.10 Detailed information about drug injecting behavior was ascertained by means of a structured questionnaire, and the median duration of intravenous drug use was 8.62 ± 6.05 years (range, 0.3–24) with a median number of injections of 4927 (range, 36–41,620).10 Their median age was 28 years, and 64 (79%) were male. SRs. Individuals were classified in this group if they had detectable anti-HCV by second-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Abbott IMx; Abbott Diagnostics, Maidenhead, Berkshire, United Kingdom) and no detectable HCV viremia by Quantiplex HCV RNA 2.0 assay (Chiron, Emeryville, CA)

or HCV COBAS Amplicor system (Roche Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA) on at least 2 occasions 6 months apart. They were recruited between 1995 and 1998 as part of the Hepatitis C European Network for Cooperative Montelukast Sodium Research (Hencore) collaboration17 and 18 and between 1999 and 2005 from Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom.8 Eighty-seven (98%) were Caucasian, 59 (66%) were male, and their median age was 36 years. Forty-four had been genotyped previously for KIR2DL2/3 and HLA-C. 8 These individual were all persistently anti-HCV and HCV RNA positive, by second-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Abbott IMx) and HCV COBAS Amplicor system (Roche Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA), respectively. They were recruited from the general hepatology clinic at Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom, between 2003 and 2007. Two hundred seventeen (93%) were of Caucasian origin, with a median age of 45 years, and 138 (59%) were male.10 All had been genotyped previously for KIR2DL2/3 and HLA-C.

6% vs 2.0%; P = .004), FAM3B (44.6% vs 34.0%; P = .017), IHH (30.1% vs 0.0%; P = .005), and TRABD (20.9% vs 3.0%; P = .000) ( Figure 3D). We further investigated the function of 2 genes methylated in EBV(+) gastric cancers (IHH and TRABD). Gene knock-down or ectopic

expression was obtained by stable transfection of specific short hairpin RNA or open reading frame–expressing vectors in cells with high or low endogenous expression of the corresponding gene. Knock-down of IHH by short hairpin RNA transfection in AGS cells significantly increased cell growth and colony formation ability compared with the control cells, whereas overexpression of IHH in the silenced cell line BGC823 significantly inhibited this website cell growth and colony formation ( Figure 3E). Similarly, knock-down of TRABD significantly increased cell growth and the colony formation ability of GES-1 cells, whereas overexpression of TRABD in BGC823 cells significantly inhibited cell growth

and colony formation ( Figure 3F). These results show that IHH and TRABD possess potential tumor-suppressive properties and their down-regulation by hypermethylation may play roles in EBV-associated gastric carcinogenesis. To investigate the dysregulated pathways by EBV infection–induced host genomic and epigenomic ZD1839 cost changes, enrichment analysis for Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways was conducted using 205 genes with genetic alterations and 262 genes with aberrant methylation-mediated transcriptional changes, respectively (Figure 4A). Genetically changed genes were found to be enriched in 13 pathways, whereas epigenetically changed genes were enriched in 15 pathways (with ≥4 genes involved in each pathway; adjusted P < .05). Notably, hypermethylated genes were found to be enriched in only 10 pathways (≥4 genes; P < .05). Eight pathways were dysregulated significantly by both genetic and epigenetic changes. Interestingly, these 8 pathways also were dysregulated significantly by hypermethylation only ( Figure 4B and Supplementary

Table 12). Because pathways in cancer and metabolic pathways can be hit easily by enrichment Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) analysis, and all altered genes in the colorectal cancer pathway are included in pathways in cancer, we paid attention to the remaining 5 important affected pathways, including axon guidance, focal adhesion, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, MAPK signaling, and regulation of actin cytoskeleton. Diagrams showing genetically or epigenetically altered genes in the 5 core pathways are shown in Figure 5. Remarkably, these 5 pathways are intercorrelated. The axon guidance pathway correlates with cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and MAPK signaling pathways; focal adhesion also correlates with cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and MAPK signaling pathways (Supplementary Figure 9).

However, there is a paucity of information concerning the overall quality of implantation procedures as they are performed in various academic and nonacademic centers throughout the United States. www.selleckchem.com/autophagy.html In an effort to obtain information regarding the overall

quality of permanent seed implantation procedures as performed in the United States, Quality Research in Radiation Oncology (QRRO) performed a random survey of centers practicing prostate brachytherapy and obtained the postimplantation CT scans as well as dosimetric evaluations performed based on these scans. In a unique process, through a web-based remote deidentification process, postimplantation scans were downloaded to a central site from where they were extracted and underwent an independent evaluation by an expert institution. This report will summarize the dosimetric evaluation performed on these patients and compare these measures of quality to the dosimetric parameters submitted by the practicing institution. Of 414 eligible prostate cancer cases from 45 surveyed institutions, 86 patients received low-dose-rate brachytherapy

and were eligible for this study. We collected CT images, dose distributions, and contours from 59 of the 86 patients from 15 of 21 institutions with eligible cases. Nineteen cases were not used owing to the inability to retrieve the images (i.e., images no longer available in the submitting institution’s computer planning system, images stored in jpeg format only, or changes in software making it impossible for the site to transfer p38 MAPK assay image data without updating software they no longer used); for eight cases, portions of data were missing that would have been needed to complete the dosimetric analysis. In addition, there were 10 test cases from two institutions that Metformin datasheet were initially used from a community institution (which was similar to the rest of the sampled

cohort) and were included to increase the number of cases evaluated for a final study cohort of 69 cases. Institutions in each of the four strata (academic, large nonacademic, medium nonacademic, and small nonacademic) participated. The QRRO survey used stratified two-stage cluster sampling, with radiation oncology facilities from a master list of those operating in the United States in 2007 being stratified, a random sample of facilities selected from each stratum, and a random sample of eligible cases selected from each participating facility. Facility strata were classified as academic (main teaching hospital of a medical school or National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center), large nonacademic (facility with at least three linear accelerators actively treating the patients), medium nonacademic (facility with two linear accelerators actively treating the patients), and small nonacademic (facility with one linear accelerator actively treating the patients).

The total fleet profit Πt in year t   is given by equation(10) ∏t=nt⁎(Ptht−Ct),with ht=Ht/nt⁎ and Ct=cf+cve⁎. From society’s point of view, it is desirable to consider that consumers and fish processors benefit from buying cheap fish, and hence, policy-makers may take consumer surplus into account. Consumer surplus in year t is given by equation(11) St=12(p¯−Pt)Ht Total welfare is given by the sum of total fleet profit and consumer surplus, equation(12) Wt=∏t+StWt=∏t+St This study analyzes the performance of several HCRs.

First, the BEZ235 in vivo HCR that has been implemented in 2004 [6], will be referred to as the “current HCR”. We only consider the core of the HCR that relates TAC to SSB; in order to facilitate comparisons between alternative HCRs, we have ignored the additional elements in the current

HCR that aim at reducing annual variability in TACs. Second, alternative HCRs that result from the optimization of specific objectives will be analyzed and referred to as “optimized HCRs”. The current HCR for NEA cod is determined by two parameters in the form of reference points, Bpa and Fpa. The optimized HCRs are also characterized by two parameters: (i) the maximum fishing mortality Fmax, and (ii) the level Bmax of SSB at which the maximum fishing mortality Fmax starts to apply. Each of the optimized HCRs were derived by allowing Fmax and Bmax to vary across a wide range of values (see below), without constraining Daporinad in vivo them to existing reference points, and by then choosing those combinations of Fmax and Bmax that best fulfil the specific objective aimed to optimize. The current HCR is recovered as a special case by setting Fmax=Fpa and Bmax=Bpa.

For all considered HCRs, the fishing mortality rate resulting for a particular SSB is determined as follows: if the SSB is between 0 and Bmax, the instantaneous fishing mortality rate for that year is Fmax SSB/Bmax; otherwise, the instantaneous fishing mortality rate is Fmax ( Fig. 2c). The HCR parameters were optimized for three different objectives, maximizing either total Acesulfame Potassium welfare, total profit, or total yield. For all considered combinations of Bmax (varied over the range 0–800,000 tonnes in steps of 20,000 tonnes) and Fmax (varied over the range 0.1–1.3 yr−1 in steps of 0.01 yr−1), the discounted total welfare, total profit, and total yield over the period 2004–2053 were calculated. This gives a grid of 4961 different HCRs. The particular parameter combination that maximizes one of these three measures is identified as the corresponding optimal HCR.

Da investigação etiológica do quadro de DHC, salientava-se serologias negativas para os vírus da hepatite A, B, C, citomegalovírus, Epstein-Barr, Herpes simplex 1 e 2 e imunodeficiência humana adquirida 1 e 2, cinética do ferro e função tiroideia sem alterações, alfa 1 antitripsina e alfa fetoproteína dentro dos valores de referência, autoimunidade (ANA, anti-DNA, AMA, ASMA, anti-LKM) negativa e imunoglobulinas sem alterações. Devido à idade e sintomatologia do doente,

Selleck Ibrutinib foi também doseado o nível sérico da ceruloplasmina, que se revelou francamente baixo 3 mg/dL (v.ref: 22-58 mg/dl) e o doseamento urinário de cobre em 24 horas, que se encontrava aumentado 4,4 μmol (v.ref < 0,78 μmol). Os valores obtidos foram compatíveis com DW. O doente foi observado pela Oftalmologia, que confirmou a presença dos anéis de Kayser-Fleischer. Foi também observado pela Neurologia, que excluiu alterações no exame neurológico e realizou ressonância magnética craneo-encefálica, que não revelou alterações. O doente Enzalutamide iniciou tratamento com trientina 250 mg 3xdia, acetato de zinco 50 mg 3xdia e diuréticos. Efetuou também laqueação elástica da variz esofágica. Verificou-se melhoria progressiva do quadro clínico-laboratorial. O doente teve alta assintomático (Child

Pugh B; MELD 7), referenciado para a consulta de Hepatologia, onde efetuou o estudo genético que revelou heterozigotia composta para as mutações c.3402delC e c.3694A>C. Foi efetuado o rastreio aos familiares de primeiro grau, nomeadamente à mãe do doente, Dapagliflozin que não apresentou mutações, ao irmão mais velho, que revelou ser portador heterozigótico para a mutação c.3402delC e ao irmão mais novo, que revelou ser portador heterozigótico para a mutação c.3694A>C. Não foi possível efetuar o rastreio ao pai do doente, uma vez que faleceu por neoplasia do pulmão aos 40 anos. De salientar que ambos os irmãos não apresentavam clínica sugestiva de DW. O doente já cumpriu um ano de follow-up na consulta de Hepatologia, encontrando-se assintomático. A DW caracteriza-se

pela excreção biliar inapropriada de cobre, resultando na acumulação deste metal no fígado, cérebro, rins e córnea. A alteração na excreção de cobre resulta de mutações no gene ATP7B (proteína transportadora do cobre) que se localiza no cromossoma 13. Atualmente, estão descritas mais de 500 mutações neste gene, sendo a mais frequente a His. Salienta-se que na família do nosso doente não foi identificada esta mutação. A multiplicidade de mutações identificadas até ao momento pode tornar o diagnóstico genético complexo, sendo a maioria dos doentes heterozigótico composto, como no caso apresentado. A expressão clínica da DW é muito variável, manifestando-se geralmente através de doença hepática ou neuropsiquiátrica.

OS order). However, both sentences induce the same propositional representation. selleck screening library In isolation, the OS order (cf. example 1b) is assumed to be harder to process compared to SO (e.g., Schlesewsky, Fanselow, Kliegl, & Krems, 2000), but interestingly, context information (e.g., a preceding sentence or question) has been found to ease the processing of OS sentences (e.g., Meng, Bader, & Bayer, 1999) (see Section 1.3 for the effect of information structure on the processing of word order variation in German). Thus, in German main clauses, subjects as well as objects can appear in the sentence-initial position before the finite verb (so called prefield).

Similarly, if the verb is not in the second but in final sentence position, buy Sotrastaurin either the subject or object can follow the complementizer (so called middlefield) 1 (see e.g., Pittner & Berman, 2008, for an overview of the topological classification of German sentences). As commonly assumed, the OS order is derived from the basic order of SO; but, depending

on the theoretical framework, different movement operations are assumed to underlie word order variation in the German pre- and middlefield (e.g., Haider and Rosengren, 1998, Lenerz, 2000 and Müller, 1999; see Diedrichsen, 2008, for an alternative, movement-independent account of the German sentence topology). Bornkessel-Schlesewsky and colleagues substantiate the distinction of word order variation in the pre- and middlefield from the neuroanatomical perspective ( Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Grewe, & Schlesewsky, 2012): Whereas numerous studies reported an increased activation for OS opposed to SO within the left inferior frontal gyrus (lIFG), aboutness-based sequencing (prefield) activated anterior subregions of the lIFG, but

prominence-based sequencing (middlefield) activated superior subregions of the lIFG (for a review, see Bornkessel-Schlesewsky & Schlesewsky, 2012). Several semantic and discourse-related factors have been proposed to affect the linear order of sentential constituents (e.g., concerning the thematic role, actors should precede non-actors; for a review about incremental argument interpretation during processing of transitive sentences, see Bornkessel-Schlesewsky & Schlesewsky, BCKDHA 2009a). Numerous studies proposed factors that crucially affect word order in the German middlefield (e.g., Bornkessel-Schlesewsky and Schlesewsky, 2009b, Choi, 1996, Lenerz, 1977, Müller, 1999 and Siewierska, 1993). For the purposes of our study, the most important are findings concerning the German prefield: As attested in written corpora, SO and OS sentences predominately occur with an accusative object (Bader & Häussler, 2010). SO sentences tend to contain active verbs, whereas OS order frequently occurs with verbs lacking an agent argument (i.e., passivized ditransitive and unaccusative verbs).