Additionally, a weak (101) peak indicates that the AZO film is a polycrystalline

structure. ZnO NRs grow coherently with the bottom AZO film, maintaining the preferential orientation of the [001] axis. For samples S1 to S4, the intensity of the (002) peak enhances with the increase of growth duration, suggesting that sample S4 has better crystallinity. The reduction of the (002) peak intensity for sample S5 is because the NRs are disordered and have more defects after the new NRs grow at NR self-attraction positions. Figure 3 XRD patterns of AZO film and samples S1 to S5. In order to cross-check the crystalline quality of the NRs, a TEM image of a ZnO NR is shown in Figure 4a and clearly indicates the absence of metal Selleck Entospletinib catalysts on the ending. In a high-resolution TEM image, Figure 4b, continuous crystal planes can be seen, which are perpendicular to the growth direction and exhibit an interplanar distance of 0.26 nm. The inset in Figure 4b presents the selected-area electron diffraction pattern from this NR, which suggests that NR is the single-crystal ZnO with wurtzite structure. Figure 4 TEM images of a ZnO NR in sample S3. (a) TEM image of a ZnO NR in

sample S3, (b) HRTEM image taken at the circle position CHIR98014 in vivo in (a), inset is the corresponding selected-area electron diffraction pattern. Room-temperature PL properties of ZnO NRAs of samples S1 to S5 are shown in Figure 5. There are two Adriamycin supplier emission peaks in the PL spectra. One peak located at about 377 nm is the near-band-edge emission or UV emission, and the other green band peak at about 500 nm is the deep-level emission [3]. The relative PL peak intensity ratio (R = I UV / I DLE) is defined as a figure of merit. R is 0.5, 1.6, 1.6, 5.1, and 1.7 for samples S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5, respectively. Comparing samples S1 to S4, it is found that R enhances with the increase of growth duration, which is due to the decrease of oxygen vacancies [18]. Sample S1 has the strongest deep-level emission because

it has the most oxygen vacancies and the shortest oxidation time. Although sample S5, however, has the longest growth duration, its deep-level-emission why is relatively strong. This is because the new NRs grown at NR self-attraction positions have worse crystallinity, as shown in Figure 3, shorter growth duration, and more oxygen vacancies. Figure 5 PL spectra of samples. (a) to (e) are samples S1 to S5. Semiconductor nanostructures offer a powerful tool to efficiently manage the light in photovoltaic devices, and the morphology of NWs or NRs has a significant effect on their transmittance and reflectance [14, 25, 26]. The total and diffuse transmittance spectra of the samples were measured, and the results are presented in Figure 6. The average total transmittance (ATT) and average diffuse transmittance (ADT) in the wavelength range of 400 to 1,100 nm are shown in Table 2. ATT and ADT of the AZO film are 88.6% and 0.

CSE1L was recently shown to associate with a subset of p53 target promoters, and reduced CSE1L expression decreased Nirogacestat 53-mediated transcription and thus lowered apoptosis [31]. Our studies

showed that increased CSE1L expression can enhance doxorubicin-induced p53 accumulation [12, 13]; therefore, CSE1L regulates p53 protein accumulation induced by chemotherapeutic drugs. Other studies of ours also showed that interferon-γ treatment increased CSE1L expression in cancer cells [23] and interferon-γ co-treatment enhanced doxorubicin-induced Stattic p53 accumulation of Hep G2 hepatoma cells [32]. Thus, interferon-γ may increase doxorubicin-induced p53 accumulation by modulating CSE1L expression. CSE1L is highly expressed in cancer, and Vactosertib cell line the results of our studies suggest that CSE1L plays a role in regulating p53 accumulation induced

by chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore, CSE1L may play an important role in mediating the cytotoxicities of chemotherapeutic drugs against cancer cells in cancer chemotherapy. Also, CSE1L may be a target for developing strategies to improve the efficacy and outcomes of cancer chemotherapy. CSE1L expression in cancer CSE1L is highly expressed in various cancer types, and its expression level is positively correlated with high tumor stage, high tumor grade, and worse outcomes of cancer patients. The CSE1L gene is located on chromosome 20q13, a region frequently harbors amplifications that correlate with cancer aggression [33–35]. The copy number of the CSE1L gene is increased in breast, colon, and bladder cancer cell lines [36]. An array-based comparative genomic hybridization study showed high-frequency amplifications of the CSE1L gene in nasopharyngeal carcinomas [37] and in medulloblastomas [38]. The results of array-based comparative genomic hybridization showed that 57.1% of the glioblastoma multiforme cases had high-frequency amplification of the CSE1L gene [39]. Idbaih et al. investigated a series of 16 low-grade gliomas and their subsequent progression to higher-grade

malignancies using a one-megabase bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based array comparative genomic hybridization technique, and reported ROCK inhibitor that the CSE1L gene was associated with the progression of gliomas [40]. The results of another study using microarray-based detection showed that CSE1L was highly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinomas [41]. Combined cytogenetic, array-based comparative genomic hybridization studies and expression analyses also showed that CSE1L was significantly overexpressed in advanced prostate cancer xenografts [42]. The results of a pathological study showed that expression of CSE1L was not detected in normal hepatocytes, while strong CSE1L expression was detected in hepatocellular carcinoma [10].

Furthermore, various complex phenomena, including light scattering, recombination of electron-hole pairs, and dye degradation, in the photoactive layers of DSSCs can occur when the intensity of incident light is changed by varying the beam focus of solar concentrator [16]. The question arises as to how we can optimize the effects of the intrinsic cell structure and solar concentrator when concentrated light is incident on the photoactive layer structures in DSSCs. In this work, we systematically investigated the effects of using a light-scattering layer selleck products in the photoelectrodes of DSSCs along with studying the effects of using a condenser lens-based

solar concentrator on the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs. Briefly, three different photoelectrode structures fabricated with a T25/T25-accumulated double layer (T25/T25 DL), a T25/T240-accumulated double layer (T25/T240 DL), and a T240/T240-accumulated double layer (T240/T240 DL) were examined for verifying the effects of using a light-scattering layer under intensified light irradiation conditions tuned by a condenser

lens-based solar concentrator. Here, T25 and T240 indicate commercialized TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with an average diameter of approximately 25 and 240 nm, respectively. With the optimized design of the condenser lens-based solar concentrator developed in this approach, we report a novel T25/T240 DL-based DSSC system with condenser lens-based Cyclosporin A price solar concentrator that exhibits a photocurrent output of approximately 11.92 mA, an open circuit voltage of 0.74 V, and power conversion

efficiency (PCE) of Farnesyltransferase approximately 4.11%, which exhibits a much better photovoltaic performance compared to T25/T25 DL- and T240/T240 DL-based DSSCs with condenser lens-based solar concentrator. Methods Commercially available TiO2 NPs (T25, Degussa; T240, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used without further treatment. In order to prepare TiO2 NP paste for the screen-printing process, 6 g of TiO2 NPs, 15 g of ethanol, 1 mL of acetic acid (CH3COOH), and 20 g of terpineol were mixed in a vial and sonicated for 1 h. A solution of 3 g of ethylcellulose dissolved in 27 g of ethanol was separately prepared and subsequently added to the TiO2 NP-dispersed solution, which was then sonicated for 30 min [5, 17]. As a photoelectrode layer, TiO2 NP-accumulated thin layer was applied via a screen-printing Omipalisib purchase process on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass (SnO2:F, 7 Ω/sq, Pilkington, Boston, USA) with a photoactive area of 0.6 × 0.6 cm2, as shown in Figure 1. The T25 single layer (T25 SL), T25/T25 DL, T25/T240 DL, and T240/T240 DL were separately prepared for comparison purposes. The resulting TiO2 NP-accumulated layer formed on the FTO glass via the screen-printing process was then sintered in an electric furnace at 500°C for 30 min and subsequently immersed in anhydrous ethanol containing 0.

These latter infections are characterized by inflammation and scarring resulting in significant damage of the host. A causative role in chronic diseases requires that chlamydiae persist within infected tissue for extended periods buy Selonsertib of time. Current theories, based primarily on in vitro data, suggest that chlamydial persistence, and the resulting chronic inflammation, is linked to morphological and metabolic conversion of the actively replicating and intracellular www.selleckchem.com/products/Staurosporine.html reticulate body (RB) into an alternative, non-replicative form known

as an aberrant body (AB) [1]. In vitro, alterations of the normal developmental cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia

pneumoniae can be induced by Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and penicillin G exposure as well as amino acid or iron deprivation and monocyte infection [2, 3]. To date, in vitro models for animal pathogens, Chlamydia abortus and Chlamydia pecorum have not been described although both organisms are associated with chronic disease in koalas and small ruminants [1]. In pigs, several chlamydial species, including Chlamydia abortus, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pecorum Selleckchem JAK inhibitor and Chlamydia suis, have been implicated in a variety of disease conditions including conjunctivitis, pneumonia, pericarditis, polyserositis, arthritis, abortion and infertility [4]. In the gastrointestinal tract, chlamydiae appear to be highly prevalent but only occasionally cause enteritis. They have been found in the intestine of diarrheic and healthy pigs and could be demonstrated in mixed enteric infections next [5–7]. Pospischil and Wood [7] first described an association

between Chlamydiaceae and lesions in the intestinal tract of pigs and assumed a synergistic effect in co-existence with Salmonella typhimurium. Further, mixed infections with Eimeria scabra, cryptosporidia, and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have been described in the past. PEDV, a member of the family Coronaviridae, is a well-known cause of diarrhea in pigs. After the identification of PEDV in 1978 by Pensaert and Debouck [8], more than a decade passed before the virus could be adapted for propagation in cell cultures. Examination of infected Vero cell cultures by direct immunofluorescence revealed single cells with granular cytoplasmic fluorescence as well as formation of syncytia with up to 50-100 nuclei or more. Typical features of syncytial cells were growth, fusion and detachment from cell layers after they had reached a certain size [9]. Biomolecular studies revealed major genomic differences between cell culture-adapted (ca)-PEDV and wild type virus [10, 11].

All scans and analyses were performed by an experienced certified clinical densitometrist

(JK). The estimated reproducibility error in vivo (coefficient of variation) was 1.45 %, based on duplicate lumbar spine DXA examination performed in 24 subjects. Results were expressed as T-scores and were also compared to age- and sex-matched reference ranges and expressed as Z-scores for BMD according click here to the NHANES database provided by the manufacturer. The interpretation of the DXA results was based on current practice guidelines of ICSD. Biochemical analyses To determine biochemical parameters, 10 ml of blood taken for coagulum was used. The serum was frozen in the temperature −80 °C. The concentration of total calcium (mmol/L), inorganic phosphorus (mg/dL), total alkaline phosphatase (ALP; IU/L), osteocalcin (ng/mL), parathormone activity (iPTH; pg/mL), and hydroxyvitamin-D [25(OH)D; (ng/mL)] were assessed. Ionized calcium (Ca+2) level was evaluated in a 5-ml blood sample (Siemens lithium heparine syringe). Statistical analysis Statistical analysis of all of the studied attributes was carried out. In the case of quantitative

traits, average and dispersion measures were used, i.e., arithmetic mean and standard deviation. The levels of studied attributes between the Bcr-Abl inhibitor groups were compared using the t test. The strength of relationships between pairs of measurable parameters was determined CH5183284 mw using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and its significance was assessed using the t test for the correlation coefficient.

The influence of potential factors on a measurable dependent variable, e.g., tooth wear indices, was assessed using analysis of variance. Differences and relationships were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results Sixteen pre-menopausal women and 34 men aged 47.5 ± 5 years with advanced tooth wear were included in the study and compared with 20 age- and sex-matched healthy peers (12 men, eight premenopausal women) with normal dental status. Morin Hydrate Based on the clinical examination of 1,017 teeth from patients and 523 teeth from controls, a significant difference in the TWI was found between the groups (Table 1). No associations were observed between TWI and gender, body weight, height, or BMI. There were no differences in anthropometric features between the groups, even if men and women were analyzed separately. Both male and female patients with severe tooth wear demonstrated lower BMD, particularly in the lumbar spine region, compared with their healthy references. This difference remained unaffected and significant after adjustment for sex. The difference in bone density was explicitly expressed in absolute values, T- and Z-scores, whereas the results remained within the normal range (Table 1). The patients did not differ from controls in calcium, phosphorus, zinc, copper nor in vitamin D consumption, although in general copper intakes were considerably lower in relation to RDI (Table 2).

8 kb gentamicin cassette. Figure 2 Gene knockout strategy in D. shibae DFL12 T . (A) Schematic presentation of the dnr locus of D. shibae DLF12T wildtype and the corresponding Δdnr-mutant. The SBE-��-CD in vitro deletion of Dshi_3189 (dnr) after homologous recombination into the D. shibae WH-4-023 DFL12T genome was confirmed

by (B) PCR of D. shibae DFL12T (line 1) and the Δdnr knockout mutants (line 2 and 3), using the primers oPT19 and oPT22 and by (C) growth of D. shibae DFL12T and two Δdnr knockout mutants in MB supplemented with 25 mM nitrate under anaerobic conditions at 30°C and 100 rpm. Shown are the growth curves of D. shibae DFL12T (-■-), D. shibae DFL12Δdnr1 (-□-) and D. shibae DFL12Δdnr2 (-Δ-). Growth behaviour analysis of D. shibae DFL12T under anaerobic conditions with nitrate as electron acceptor clearly showed that D. shibae was able to grow by denitrification (Figure 2C). This is of special interest,

since D. shibae was previously described as strict aerobic bacterium [25]. The recently sequenced and annotated genome on D. shibae DFL12T recovered clusters of genes necessary for anaerobic metabolism [51]. The comparison of the D. shibae wildtype to the obtained dnr- mutants revealed a significant reduction Autophagy Compound Library order of anaerobic nitrate respiratory growth of the tested mutants (Figure 2C), demonstrating the influence of the regulator Dnr on the growth under denitrifying conditions. The presence of six dnr genes indicated a fine-tuned regulation of this metabolic pathway. This was confirmed by the minor growth reduction of the dnr mutants. Conclusion Genetic tools and methods for transformation and stable plasmid maintenance were established for a variety of Roseobacter clade bacteria. A reporter gene system and a chromosomal gene knockout system were based on these methods and applied to selected members of the clade. Since the methods shown here were functional in all of the tested species ranging over the whole phylogenetic

tree of the Roseobacter clade, an easy and successful transfer to other members of this group can be proposed. Initial experiments with a dnr mutant of D. shibae showed an influence of this Meloxicam regulator on the growth under denitrifying conditions. Methods Bacterial strains, plasmids and growth conditions Strains used in this study are described in Table 4. Table 5 shows the used plasmids. The Escherichia coli strain ST18 was cultured in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium prepared of 10 g tryptone, 5 g yeast extract and 10 g NaCl in 1 L H2O dest., supplemented with 50 μg/ml aminolevulinic acid (ALA, Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany) at 37°C and 200 rpm as described before [26]. The marine bacteria of the Roseobacter clade were usually cultured in the commercial available Marine Broth (MB, Roth) at 30°C and 200 rpm. For the preparation of half-concentrated MB (hMB) 20.05 g media were dissolved in 1 l H2O dest.. After autoclaving, MB containing media were sterile filtered to remove precipitates.

Biffl et al.[11] selected asymptomatic patients using seven risk criteria for cervical vessel injury and observed an increase in the incidence of BCVI of between 0.1% to 1.1% over a two and a half year period. The employment of criteria to identify patients with BCVI should lead to an increased incidence of cervical vessel injury diagnosis. On the other hand, the use of more specific IWR-1 in vitro imaging methods that are less invasive or noninvasive, such as Stattic angiotomography or angioresonance imaging, will inevitably

raise the cost of trauma care. Ideally, the most frequently occurring criteria should be identified and a limited number of criteria for screening should be used to improve the rate of diagnosis without excessive cost increases. In the current study, TPCA-1 11 inclusion criteria were selected to identify trauma patients with

BCVI. These criteria included clinical signs and symptoms and alterations identified in simple radiographs. The overall goal of the current study was to analyze related criteria used in previous studies to determine which criteria were most predictive of BCVI. Unfortunately, we did not identify any criteria that distinguished between the patient groups with and without BCVI. The current study also examined the number of BCVI criteria met by each patient. Out of the 23 patients with BCVI, there was no significant relationship between the number of

BCVI criteria met and BCVI occurrence. It is possible that a future study with a larger patient group would conclude that the use of multiple criteria is not necessary. However, based on the results of the current study, we conclude that all 11 criteria should be used to identify BCVI in blunt trauma patients. PRKACG Biffl et al. studied problems associated with BCVI over a period of 9 years. One of the objectives of that study was to identify associated or independent risk criteria that could cause BCVI [1, 2, 6, 7]. Through multivariate analysis of the criteria used, they found that a score less than or equal to 6 on the Glasgow coma scale, a petrous bone fracture, diffuse axonal injury, and LeFort II or III type facial fractures correlated significantly with carotid and vertebral artery injuries caused by blunt trauma. Fracture of cervical vertebrae was identified as a unique predictive risk criteria and was independent of vertebral artery injury in blunt trauma. Previous Brazilian studies have not defined BCVI incidence or associated risks. In the current study, we identified a 0.93% incidence of BCVI in a group of 100 blunt trauma patients, but we did not identify any specific risk factor that was more predictive than the others.

salmoninarum isolates [23]. In addition, VNTR represents a more reproducible typing system in comparison to techniques relying on random amplification under low-stringency parameters and accurate data from individual isolates can readily be shared between different laboratories. Although

the discriminatory power of VNTR when applied to R. salmoninarum is lower than has been achieved with some human pathogenic bacteria such as Bartonella or Streptococcus[26, 27], these later studies are based on significantly larger data sets usually gathered #Selleckchem 4EGI-1 randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# from wider geographic areas. If a larger R. salmoninarum data set becomes available in future, the VNTRs described in the present study should be applied to test its ability to trace disease outbreaks and connect individual infected farms with a source of infection. The developed VNTR typing system separated the studied isolates into two well-supported groups. Group 1 clustered together 12 out of 17 R. salmoninarum haplotypes, including a wide range of isolates from Scotland, Norway and North America, from three different species of salmonid fish, spanning the period between 1974 and 2009. Several haplotypes of group 1 (B, D, E and G) comprised multiple isolates causing disease in both Atlantic salmon

and rainbow trout, suggesting a relatively common historical transfer of the pathogen between these fish species. On the other hand, some association was found between rainbow trout and R. salmoninarum haplotype A and between Atlantic selleckchem salmon and R. salmoninarum haplotypes C, F, H, I and L-Q. However, with the exception of haplotypes A and C, these haplotypes Methisazone were represented by single isolations. The present study concludes that using a data set of

41 isolates representing bacterium circulating in Scotland over a period of more than 20 years, there was no consistent division of R. salmoninarum isolates into two host specific populations. This result is consistent with the possibility that individual R. salmoninarum strains can infect both host species in environments where both species co-occur. The transfer of R. salmoninarum free stock to the marine environment could in theory eliminate disease transmission. However, the possibility that a carrier would be not detected, as a consequence of a potentially low infection prevalence and low diagnostic sensitivity of tests for asymptomatic stock, have to be considered [29]. The spatial separation of marine rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon farms into separate disease management areas in marine environment, as described in [16], can further reduce the risk of pathogen transfer between host species. All previous R. salmoninarum typing systems have failed to reliably discriminate between European and US isolates [20, 22, 23].

The

GST-LCMR1 fusion protein and GST was recognized clearly by specific GST antibody (Figure 2, lane 6 and 7). Then the purified fusion protein was excised and used to immunize New Zealand rabbits. ELISA was used to determine the titers of the obtained antibody and the antibody at different dilutions (1000 to 100,000) was reacted with an equal amount of the recombinant protein (data not shown). The antibody specificity was examined by western blot (Figure 2, lane 8). Figure 2 Recombinant LCMR1 protein expression and polyclonal antibody preparation. M, protein marker; lane selleck chemical 1, pGEX-5T-LCMR1 selleck inhibitor before induction in E.coli; lane 2, pGEX-5T-LCMR1 after induction in E.coli; lane 3, precipitation after E.coli lysis; lane 4, clear supernatant after E.coli lysis; lane 5, GST-LCMR1 after purification; lane 6, GST-LCMR1 fusion protein recognized by GST antibody; lane 7, GST protein recognized by GST antibody; lane 8, GST-LCMR1 fusion protein recognized by LCMR1 polyclonal antibody. (lane 1-5,

SDS-PAGE; lane 6-8, western blot) Overexpression of LCMR1 protein in human NSCLC by immunohistochemistry analysis There existed various degrees of background staining that may be caused by tissue processing, such as fixation and embedding. Because such background staining is almost nonspecific, occurring in the stromal tissue (including lymphocytes), we avoided it by counting only positive epithelial cells. Also, Androgen Receptor Antagonist screening library the edge effect was regarded as negative. Immunohistochemistry analysis results showed Bupivacaine that the expression of LCMR1 was significantly higher in primary tumor tissues (84 cases) and metastatic lymph nodes (51 cases) of NSCLC patients, compared with its weak expression in adjacent benign tissues respectively (P < 0.001) (Figure 3, Table 1). There is no difference in the expression of LCMR1 between primary

tumor tissues and metastatic lymph nodes (data not shown). Moreover, immunostaining showed LCMR1 was expressed mostly in the cytoplasm of cells. Figure 3 LCMR1 expression in human NSCLC. Compared with adjacent normal tissues, LCMR1 was significantly overexpressed in primary tissues and metastatic lymph nodes of patients with NSCLC respectively by immunohistochemistry analysis. (Magnification: ×100) Table 1 Expression of LCMR1 in primary tumor tissues, adjacent normal tissues and metastatic lymph nodes. Expression of LCMR1 between two groups P primary tumor tissues vs paired adjacent normal tissues (84 cases) 0.000 metastatic lymph nodes vs paired normal tissues (51 cases) 0.000 primary tumor tissues vs paired metastatic lymph nodes (51 cases) 0.

In the present study, the dietary intake data was used to estimate the EI, while the EE and BM data were

interpreted in the context of energy balance and in order to assess under eating. Total average EI was 13375 ± 1378 kJ and is in agreement with previous studies [8, 9, 16, 18] (~ 12809 kJ/d on average). In the first of these studies conducted in Kenyan athletes, Mukeshi and Thairu [17] estimated the EI of male, long distance Kenyan runners through a combination of questionnaires and direct observation and reported remarkably low EI (9790 kJ/d on average). However, in subsequent studies [8, 9, 16, 18], selleckchem substantially higher estimates of EI were reported in comparison to the initial data. For example, Christensen et al. [16] reported an average EI of 13210 kJ/d. Similarly, Onywera et al. [9] reported an average

EI of 12486 kJ/d, while estimated EI in two studies by Fudge and colleagues were 13241 kJ/d [18] and 12300 kJ/d [8]. A finding common to most of the aforementioned studies was the lower EI compared to EE and therefore indicative this website of negative energy balance before major competition [9, 18]. It is well acknowledged that training at high altitude can impact negatively on energy balance [26], most likely due to a reduction in EI brought about by a loss of appetite [27]. However, in contrast to previous studies in Kenyan runners [9, 18], Ethiopian runners recruited in this

study met their energy needs (EI did not differ from EE) and consequently Resveratrol maintained their BM (pre assessment period BM: 56.7 ± 4.3 kg vs. post: 56.6 ± 4.2 kg). This is consistent with recent guidelines by the American College of Sport Medicine that advocate that differences between EI and EE could compromise performance and negate the benefits of training [2]. Macronutrient intake of Ethiopian long distance runners fulfilled recent recommendations [2]. CHO intake was 64.3% (9.7 g/kg per day) and the daily CHO intake was 545 ± 49 g (Figure 1), while recommendations for male and female athletes range between 6 to 10 g/kg of BM per day [2]. These results are also in agreement with previous studies [8, 9, 16–18] when the daily amount of CHO was well above 65% of TEI, ranging from 8.1 to 10.4 g/kg BM and within the current recommendations [2]. Protein intake was 12.4% of TEI (Figure 1) (1.76 g/kg BM per day with a daily intake of 99 ± 13 g) of which 76% was delivered from vegetable sources (Table 3) and well within the current recommendations for Compound C endurance athletes (1.2 to 1.7 g/kg BM per day) [2]. This is also in agreement with the literature [8, 9, 16, 18] where daily protein intake ranged from 1.3 to 2.2 g/kg BM. Adequate protein and fat intake are also vital for optimal health and performance of long distance runners.