6 >0.05 79 84.0 learn more >0.05 female 26 14 53.8   19 73.1   age               ≤60 67 41 61.2 >0.05 52 77.6

>0.05 >60 53 29 54.7   46 86.8   degree of differentiation               high 45 19 42.2 <0.01 31 68.9 <0.01 moderate 46 29 63.0   39 84.8   low or undifferentiation 29 22 75.9   28 96.6   clinical stage               I~II 43 18 41.9 <0.01 29 72.1 <0.01 III 77 52 67.5   69 87.0   lymph nodes metastasis               yes 73 49 67.1 <0.01 66 90.4 <0.01 no 47 21 44.7   32 68.1   Survivin Positive** 98 63 90(63/70)       = 0.005 Note: ** : r s = 0.255, p = 0.005. Figure 1 Expression of survivin and HIF-1α in NSCLC and benign lung disease tissues. Survivin and HIF-lα protein were detected and localised within paraffin-embedded Dasatinib human lung tissue using immunohistochemistry. A and B represent

the negative expression of survivin protein and HIF-1α protein, respectively, in benign lung disease tissues. C and D represent the positive expression (arrow) of survivin protein and HIF-1α protein, respectively, in NSCLC,. E: The graph shows the statistical results. 81.60% (98/120) of lung cancer tissue samples were positive for survivin staining, and 58.33% (70/120_) of lung cancer tissue samples were positive for HIF-1α staining. ** p < 0.01. Hypoxia induces expression of HIF-1α and survivin When A549 cells were incubated in hypoxic conditions for 24 h, the expression of HIF-1α Casein kinase 1 (2B, C, D) and survivin (2A, C, D) were detected by quantitative real time, reverse transcription-PCR (2A, B) and western blot (2 C, D). As shown in Fig 2, the expression of survivin and HIF-1α was increased significantly in hypoxia as compared to normoxia (p < 0.01). Figure 2 Hypoxia induces expression of HIF-1α and survivin. A549 cells were cultured in 10% FBS medium under hypoxic or normoxic conditions for 24h. The relative levels of survivin (A) and HIF-1α (B) to GAPDH mRNA were determined by quantitative

real time, reverse transcription-PCR. C: The expression of survivin and HIF-1α protein in A549 cells following HIF-1α-siRNA treatment as detected by Western blot analysis. D: The graph shows the statistical results of relative expression level of survivin and HIF-1α to β-actin protein. Data are given as means ± SD, n = 3, ** p < 0.01. Site directed mutagenesis of HIF-1α binding site on the survivin promoter decreases transcription activity of the survivin promoter To determine whether the binding-site of HIF-lα can affect the transcription of survivin in A549 cells, the GTGC sequence in -19 ~ -16 bp of survivin promoter (Fig. 2A) was changed to AGC by site-directed mutagenesis, and the relative activity of the normal and mutated survivin promoter were detected by luciferase activity assay. As shown in Fig.

J Bacteriol 2005,187(10):3311–3318.PubMedCrossRef 48. Musser JM, Kapur V, Szeto J, Pan X, Swanson DS, Martin DR: Genetic diversity and relationships among Streptococcus pyogenes strains expressing serotype M1 protein: recent intercontinental spread of a subclone causing episodes of invasive disease. Infect Immun 1995,63(3):994–1003.PubMed Sirolimus order 49. Kaul R, McGeer A, Low DE, Green K, Schwartz B, Study OGAS, Simor AE: Population-based surveillance for group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: clinical features, prognostic indicators, and microbiologic analysis of 77 cases. Am J Med 1997, 103:18–24.PubMedCrossRef 50. Sharkawy A, Low DE, Saginur

R, Gregson D, Schwartz B, Jessamine P, Green K, McGeer A: Severe group a streptococcal soft-tissue

infections in Ontario: 1992–1996. Clin Infect Dis 2002,34(4):454–460.PubMedCrossRef 51. Beres SB, Sylva GL, Barbian KD, Lei B, Hoff JS, Mammarella ND, Liu M-Y, Smoot JC, Porcella SF, Parkins LD, et al.: Genome sequence of a serotype M3 strain of group A Streptococcus : Phage-encoded Wnt inhibitor toxins, the high-virulence phenotype, and clone emergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002,99(15):10078–10083.PubMedCrossRef 52. Beres SB, Sylva GL, Sturdevant DE, Granville CN, Liu M, Ricklefs SM, Whitney AR, Parkins LD, Hoe NP, Adams GJ, et al.: Genome-wide molecular dissection of serotype M3 group A Streptococcus strains causing two epidemics of invasive infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004,101(32):11833–11838.PubMedCrossRef 53. Roberts AL, Connolly KL, Doern CD, Holder RC, Reid SD: Loss of the group A Streptococcus regulator Srv decreases biofilm formation in vivo in

an otitis media model of infection. Infect Immun 2010,78(11):4800–4808.PubMedCrossRef 54. Maddocks SE, Wright CJ, Nobbs AH, Brittan JL, Franklin L, Stromberg N, Kadioglu A, Jepson MA, Jenkinson HF: Streptococcus pyogenes antigen I/II-family polypeptide AspA shows differential ligand-binding properties and mediates biofilm formation. Mol Microbiol 2011,81(4):1034–1049.PubMedCrossRef 55. Jaffe J, Natanson-Yaron S, Caparon MG, Hanski E: Protein F2, a novel fibronectin-binding protein Interleukin-2 receptor from Streptococcus pyogenes , possesses two domains. Mol Microbiol 1996, 21:373–384.PubMedCrossRef 56. Branda SS, Gonzalez-Pastor JE, Dervyn E, Ehrlich SD, Losick R, Kolter R: Genes involved in formation of structured multicellular communities by Bacillus subtilis . J Bacteriol 2004,186(12):3970–3979.PubMedCrossRef 57. Gotz F: Staphylococcus and biofilms. Mol Microbiol 2002,43(6):1367–1378.PubMedCrossRef 58. Nadell CD, Xavier JB, Foster KR: The sociobiology of biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009,33(1):206–224.PubMedCrossRef 59. Courtney HS, Dale JB, Hasty DL: Strategies for preventing group A streptococcal adhesion and infection.

With 69.1% similarity (Sørensen index), the upper montane forests (R1, R2) were more similar find more in species composition than the mid-montane forests (N1, N2) which showed 60.2% similarity. The FIV indicated high importance Selleck BMN 673 of the Myrtaceae, Theaceae, Fagaceae, Symplocaceae and Rubiaceae at both elevational zones. 2400 m a.s.l.) in Sulawesi     N2 N1 R1 R2

DCA scores 1 Celastraceae 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 −1.4412 2 Cyatheaceae 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 −1.4412 3 Hamamelidaceae 0.0 6.1 0.0 0.0 −1.4412 4 Juglandaceae 0.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 −1.4412 5 Magnoliaceae 0.0 17.4 0.0 0.0 −1.4412 6 Sapotaceae 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 −1.4412 7 Staphyleaceae 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 −1.4412 8 Thymelaeaceae 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 −1.4412 9 Melastomataceae 8.6 14.8 0.0 0.0 −1.3012 10 Icacinaceae 3.2 3.6 0.0 0.0 −1.2619 11 Phyllanthaceae 3.2 3.5 0.0 0.0 −1.2592 12 Oleaceae 3.8 4.1 0.0 0.0 −1.2579 13 Apocynaceae 3.9 Tobramycin 0.0 0.0 0.0 −1.0602 14 Calophyllaceae 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 −1.0602 15 Moraceae 3.8 0.0 0.0

0.0 −1.0602 16 Sabiaceae 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 −1.0602 17 Styracaceae 10.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 −1.0602 18 Fagaceae 94.1 56.8 33.4 8.3 −0.2742 19 Escalloniaceae 7.0 9.7 6.6 0.0 −0.0977 20 Symplocaceae 16.6 19.1 10.7 3.6 −0.0045 21 Rubiaceae 14.8 9.3 10.5 6.8 0.6647 22 Myrtaceae 81.4 81.1 44.4 68.0 0.682 23 Theaceae 13.7 26.9 20.1 17.3 0.8982 24 Proteaceae 3.5 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.9985 25 Clethraceae 0.0 3.2 6.1 0.0 1.2368 26 Winteraceae 3.8 3.8 5.6 8.2 1.4944 27 Euphorbiaceae 3.2 0.0 2.9 3.3 1.5583 28 Rosaceae 4.0 0.0 5.5 4.1 1.6501 29 Rutaceae 3.2 0.0 3.2 5.9 1.858 30 Lauraceae 3.2 3.2 12.0 13.7 1.9611 31 Myrsinaceae 3.3 3.2 13.1 21.1 2.1332 32 Paracryphiaceae 3.2 3.6 17.3 23.2 2.1584 33 Chloranthaceae 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 2.244 34 Cunoniaceae 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.0 2.244 35 Podocarpaceae 0.0 3.2 33.1 27.1 2.3748 36 Dicksoniaceae 0.0 0.0 16.6 4.3 2.3786 37 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 11.2 5.1 2.4487 38 Myricaceae 0.0 0.0 6.3 3.9 2.4941 39 Trimeniaceae 0.0 0.0 7.7 12.7 2.6512 40 Elaeocarpaceae 0.0 0.0 3.6 7.4 2.684 41 Phyllocladaceae 0.0 0.0 19.6 44.5 2.6981 42 Aquifoliaceae 0.

The omega fragment is symmetric, so one primer amplifies in both directions We isolated spontaneous nitrofurantoin resistant mutants of strain FA1090-NfsB(Mod), by plating this strain on GCK agar containing 3:g/ml nitrofurantoin. We determined the genetic basis of 107 individual independently isolated

mutants that arose from this plating by selleck compound amplifying the desired region using Primers NP1 and NP2, and determining the DNA sequence of nfsB using Primers S1 and S2. The experimental design employed should allow for the identification of six different types of mutations, four that would be manifested within the coding sequence of nfsB (missense mutations, nonsense mutations, insertions, deletions) and mutations outside of the coding sequence, presumably mutations that effected nitrofurantoin uptake, or in the regulation of nfsB expression. The data presented BMS-907351 price in Table 4 summarizes the types of mutations identified by our DNA sequence analysis of PCR amplicons. The data indicate that about half of the mutants possessed point mutations, one quarter possessed insertions and one quarter possessed deletions. The largest insertion mutant was 7 bp in length and the largest deletion was 5 bp in length. None

of the multiple base insertions appeared to be the result of duplications in the native coding sequence and none of the deletions appeared to eliminate repeated sequences or sequences that contained obvious secondary structure. Furthermore, insertions did not seem to show a preference for expanding short (4 bp) polynucleotide runs, but seemed to randomly incorporate one or more nucleotides. Table 4 Analysis

of mutations resulting in nitrofurantoin resistance Point mutationsa Frameshift mutation Nonsense   Missense   Insertions (single site) Deletions (single site) CAA->TAA 7 Transitions   Single base 22 Single base 16   CAG->TAG 11 C->T 5 Multiple bases 4 Multiple bases 9   TCG->TAG 9 T->C 2           GAG->TAG 5 A->G 0           TGG->TGA 1 G->A 1               Transversions     Mutations in promoter region 3     T->A 3               A->T 0               G->C 1               C->G Cisplatin concentration 1               T->G 5               G->T 0               A->C 0               C->A 2           Total: 33   20   26   25 3 aOf the 53 point mutations examined, 27 were transitions and 26 were transversions. Use of nonsense mutations to characterize transition and transversion rates Any point mutation that is capable of generating a stop codon could generate a cell that is resistant to the killing action of nitrofurantoin. Visual analysis of the coding sequence for nfsB identified 23 possible bases where a single base change would result in the production of a stop codon. We identified 33 mutations that resulted from this type of base change. The distribution of the mutations obtained suggested that no hot spot for mutation existed in any of these sequences (see Table 4).

Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001, 284:57–64.PubMedCrossRef 37. Gao H, Wang Y, Liu X, Yan T, Wu L, Alm E, Arkin A, Thompson DK, Zhou J: Global transcriptome analysis of the heat shock response

of Shewanella oneidensis . J Bacteriol 2004,186(22):7796–7803.PubMedCrossRef 38. Ingram VM: Gene evolution and the haemoglobins. Nature 1961,4(189):704–708.CrossRef 39. buy SCH727965 Graf PCF, Jakob U: Redox-regulated molecular chaperones. Cell Mol Life Sci 2002, 59:1624–1631.PubMedCrossRef 40. Gustavsson N, Kokke BP, Anzeilius AB, Boelens WC, Sundby C: Substitution of conserved methionines by leucines in chloroplast small heat shock protein results in loss of redox-response but retained chaperone-like see more activity. Protein Sci 2001, 10:1785–1793.PubMedCrossRef 41. Fu X, Zhang H, Zhang X, Cao Y, Jião W, Liu C, Song Y, Abulimiti A, Chang Z: A dual role for the N-terminal region of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hsp 16.3 in self-oligomerization and binding denaturing substrate proteins. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:6337–6384.PubMedCrossRef 42. Usui K, Hatipoglu OF, Ishii N, Yohda M: Role of the N-terminal

region of the crenarchaeal sHSP, Sthsp14.0, in thermal-induced disassembly of the complex and molecular chaperone activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004, 315:113–118.PubMedCrossRef 43. Goldenberg O, Erez E, Nimrod G, Ben-Tal N: The ConSurf-DB: pre-calculated evolutionary conservation profiles of protein structures. Nucleic Acids Res 2009, 37:D323-D327.PubMedCrossRef Methane monooxygenase Authors’ contributions All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. DAR and LMMO conceived the idea and designed the experiments. DAR and LFCF executed the RTq-PCR experiments. DAR wrote the manuscript. RV performed the bioinformatics analysis; LEVDB, the phylogenetic analysis; and MTM, the molecular modeling.”
“Background Bacteria, especially pathogenic bacteria, must deal with a very hostile environment on a nearly continuous basis. How pathogenic bacteria first respond to this environment

and lethal environmental stressors is a key element in their survival. Based on their initial response, either the pathogen may succumb and die, or it can respond and live despite its hostile surroundings. Long-term adaptive bacterial responses to antimicrobials include well-characterized mechanisms of expressing an altered version of the antibiotic target, enzymes to degrade the antibiotic, and transporters to remove the antibiotic [1]. Here, we consider the time immediately after the first exposure to a threat and before activation of long-term adaptive resistance to stressors. Understanding how bacteria mount this initial defense against stresses is critical to understanding how bacteria respond to, and survive, hostile environments.

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10. Demmer RT, Behle JH, Wolf DL, Handfield M, Kebschull M, Celenti R, Pavlidis P, Papapanou PN: Transcriptomes in healthy and diseased gingival tissues. J Periodontol 2008,79(11):2112–2124.CrossRefPubMed 11. Handfield M, Mans JJ, Zheng G, Lopez MC, Mao S, Progulske-Fox A, Narasimhan G, Baker HV, Lamont RJ: Distinct transcriptional profiles characterize oral epithelium-microbiota interactions. Cell Microbiol 2005,7(6):811–823.CrossRefPubMed 12. Mans JJ, Lamont RJ, Handfield M: Microarray analysis of human epithelial cell responses to bacterial interaction. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2006,6(3):299–309.CrossRefPubMed 13. Mans JJ, Baker HV, Oda D, Lamont RJ, Handfield Veliparib manufacturer M: Distinctive characteristics of transcriptional

profiles from two epithelial cell lines upon interaction with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2006,21(4):261–267.CrossRefPubMed 14. Hasegawa Y, Mans JJ, Mao S, Lopez MC, Baker HV, Handfield click here M, Lamont RJ: Gingival epithelial cell transcriptional responses to commensal and opportunistic oral microbial species. Infect Immun 2007,75(5):2540–2547.CrossRefPubMed 15. Milward MR, Chapple IL, Wright HJ, Millard JL, Matthews JB, Cooper PR: Differential activation of NF-kappaB and gene expression in oral epithelial cells by periodontal pathogens. Clin Exp Immunol 2007,148(2):307–324.CrossRefPubMed 16. Handfield M, Baker HV, Lamont RJ: Beyond good and evil in the oral cavity: insights into host-microbe relationships derived from transcriptional profiling of gingival cells. J Dent Res 2008,87(3):203–223.CrossRefPubMed 17. Dixon DR, Reife RA, Cebra JJ, Darveau RP: Commensal bacteria influence

innate status within gingival tissues: a pilot study. J Periodontol 2004,75(11):1486–1492.CrossRefPubMed 18. Hooper LV, Wong MH, Thelin A, Hansson L, Falk PG, Gordon JI: Molecular analysis of commensal host-microbial relationships in the intestine. Science 2001,291(5505):881–884.CrossRefPubMed 19. Rawls JF, Samuel BS, Gordon JI: Gnotobiotic zebrafish reveal evolutionarily conserved responses to the gut microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004,101(13):4596–4601.CrossRefPubMed 20. Sonnenburg JL, Chen CT, Gordon JI: Genomic Urease and metabolic studieof the impact of probiotics on a model gut symbiont and host. PLoS biology 2006,4(12):e413.CrossRefPubMed 21. Chowdhury SR, King DE, Willing BP, Band MR, Beever JE, Lane AB, Loor JJ, Marini JC, Rund LA, Schook LB, et al.: Transcriptome profiling of the small intestinal epithelium in germfree versus conventional piglets. BMC Genomics 2007, 8:215.CrossRefPubMed 22. Romond MB, Mullie C, Colavizza M, Revillion F, Peyrat JP, Izard D: Intestinal colonization with bifidobacteria affects the expression of galectins in extraintestinal organs. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2009,55(1):85–92.CrossRefPubMed 23.

The JL GAA TFTs with a small variation in temperature performances along with simple fabrication are highly promising Selleckchem LDK378 for future system-on-panel (SOP) and system-on-chip (SOC) applications. Methods The process for producing 2-nm-thick poly-Si nanosheet channel was fabricated by initially growing a 400-nm-thick thermal silicon dioxide layer on 6-inch silicon wafers. Subsequently, a 40-nm-thick undoped amorphous silicon (a-Si) layer was deposited by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) at 550°C. Then,

the a-Si layer was solid-phase recrystallized (SPC) and formed large grain sizes as a channel layer at 600°C for 24 h in nitrogen ambient. The channel layer was implanted with 16-keV phosphorous ions at a dose of 1 × 1014 cm−2, followed by furnace annealing at 600°C for 4 h. Subsequently, we performed a wet trimming process with a dilute HF chemical solution at room temperature and shrink down

channel thickness to be around 28 nm. The active layers, serving as channel, were defined by e-beam lithography and then mesa-etched by time-controlled wet etching of the buried oxide to release the poly-Si bodies. Subsequently, a 13-nm-thick dry oxide, consuming around 13-nm-thick poly-Si on both side of channel to form 2-nm-thick channel, and 6-nm-thick nitride by LPCVD were deposited as the gate oxide layer. The 250-nm-thick in-situ doped n + poly-silicon was deposited as a gate electrode, and patterned by e-beam and reactive ion etching. Finally, passivation layer and metallization was performed. The JL planar TFT serves as a control with single GW-572016 in vitro gate structure. Results and discussion Figure 1a presents the structure of the devices and relevant experimental parameters. Figure 1b displays the cross sectional transmission electron

microscopic (TEM) images along the AA′ direction in JL GAA devices with ten strips of nanosheet; the figure clearly shows that the 2-nm-thick nanosheet channel is surrounded by the gate electrode. The dimensions of each nanosheet are 2-nm high × 70-nm wide. Figure 1c displays the TEM images in JL planar devices, and the channel dimensions are 15-nm high × 0.95-μm wide. Figure 2 shows the measured I d as a function of gate bias (V g) at various temperatures ranging from 25°C to 200°C at V d = 0.5 V for (a) JL planar TFTs with channel length Alanine-glyoxylate transaminase (L g) of 1 μm, (b) JL GAA TFTs with L g = 1 μm, and (c) JL GAA TFTs with L g = 60 nm. This figure reveals that V th decreases and the SS increases in all devices when increasing the temperature. Figure 3 presents the measured SS and I off as a function of temperature at V d = 0.5 V, as extracted from the I d-V g curves in Figure 2. In Figure 3a, the JL GAA TFTs have a small SS variation with temperature than JL planar TFTs. Furthermore, the SS can be expressed as follows [8]: (1) Figure 1 JL GAA device structure in JL TFTs and TEM images for JL GAA and JL planar. (a) The JL GAA device structure and relevant parameters in JL TFTs.

PubMedCrossRef 41. Douillard JY, Rosell R, De Lena M, Riggi M, Hurteloup P, Mahe MA: Impact of postoperative radiation therapy on survival in patients with complete resection and stage I, II, or IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer treated with adjuvant chemotherapy: the adjuvant Navelbine International Trialist Association (ANITA) Randomized Trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 72:695–701.PubMedCrossRef 42. Lally BE, Detterbeck FC, Geiger AM, Thomas CR Jr, Machtay M, Miller AA, Wilson LD, Oaks TE, Petty WJ, Robbins ME, Blackstock AW: The risk of death from heart disease in patients with nonsmall cell lung

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discussion 1407–1408PubMedCrossRef 45. Pepe C, Hasan B, Selleck Fulvestrant Winton TL, Anacetrapib Seymour L, Graham B, Livingston RB, Johnson DH, Rigas JR, Ding K, Shepherd FA: Adjuvant vinorelbine and cisplatin in elderly patients: National Cancer Institute of Canada and Intergroup Study JBR.10. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:1553–1561.PubMedCrossRef 46. Fruh M, Rolland E,

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no Familly Species Numbers of specimens Type PF-01367338 nmr of specimens Present in Arctic Present in sub-Antarctic 1 Asteraceae Cirsium arvense 2 Fruit

Indigenous EH/alien WH Alien 2 Asteraceae Galinsoga parviflora 2 Fruit – – 3 Asteraceae Hieracium cf. glaucinum 1 Fruit – – 4 Asteraceae Lactuca serriola 6 Fruit – – 5 Asteraceae Leontodon autumnalis 2 Fruit Indigenous – 6 Asteraceae Leontodon hispidus 1 Fruit – – 7 Asteraceae Leucanthemum vulgare 7 Fruit Indigenous EH/alien WH Alien 8 Asteraceae Picris hieracioides 1 Fruit – – 9 Asteraceae Sonchus arvensis 1 Fruit Indigenous EH/alien WH – 10 Apiaceae Chaerophyllum hirsutum 6 Fruit – – 11 Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa 1 Fruit – – 12 Betulaceae Betula pendula 3 Husk – – 13 Betulaceae Betula pendula 6 Fruit – – 14 Caryophyllaceae Lychnis flos-cuculi 1 Seed – – 15 Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album 5 Seed Indigenous EH/alien WH – 16 Cyperaceae Carex disticha 1 Fruit Indigenous EH/alien WH – 17

Cyperaceae Schoenus ferrugineus 1 Fruit – – 18 Cyperaceae Schoenus cf. nigricans 1 Fruit – – 19 Fabaceae Trifolium arvense 2 Seed – – 20 Fabaceae Trifolium cf. campestre 1 Seed – – 21 Lamiaceae Nepeta cataria 1 Fruit Alien – 22 Lamiaceae Nepeta pannonica 8 Fruit – – 23 Linaceae Linum usistatissimum 2 Seed – – 24 Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum 3 Seed – – 25 Plantaginaceae Plantago lanceolata 3 Seed Indigenous EH/alien WH Alien   Plantaginaceae Plantago major Selleck Liproxstatin-1 1 Seed Indigenous CYTH4 EH/alien WH – 25 Pinaceae Larix deciduas 1 Cone – – 26 Pinaceae Pinus sylvestris 2 Wood – – 27 Pinaceae Pinus sylvestris 25 Needle – – 30 Poaceae Anthoxanthum odoratum 1 Spikelet Indigenous EH/alien WH – 31 Poaceae Avena sativa 1 Spikelet – – 32 Poaceae Avena sativa 1 Caryopses – – 33 Poaceae Bromus secalinus 1 Spikelet Alien – 34 Poaceae Bromus secalinus 1 Caryopses

Alien – 35 Poaceae Echinochloa crus-galli 10 Spikelet – – 36 Poaceae Echinochloa crus-galli 2 Caryopses – – 37 Poaceae Poa annua 1 Spikelet Indigenous EH/alien WH Alien 38 Poaceae Poa annua 5 Caryopses Indigenous EH/alien WH Alien 39 Poaceae Setaria pumila 3 Spikelet – – 40 Poaceae Setaria pumila 1 Caryopses – – 41 Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare 1 Fruit Indigenous EH/alien WH – 42 Polygonaceae Polygonum lapathifolium subsp. lapathifolium 1 Fruit Alien – 43 Polygonaceae Polygonum persicaria 3 Fruit Indigenous EH/alien WH – 44 Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa 3 Fruit Indigenous EH/alien WH – 45 Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella 2 Fruit Indigenous EH/alien WH Alien 46 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus acris 1 Fruit Indigenous EH/alien WH – 47 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus repens 1 Fruit Indigenous EH/alien WH Alien 48 Rosaceae Fragaria vesca 1 Fruit Indigenous – 49 Rosaceae Geum urbanum L.

This result appears to support an additive role for creatine on the actions of antioxidant enzymes. Physical training, as demonstrated by Halliwell and Gutteridge [51], activates transcription factors such as AMPK, which activate CAT mRNA, thereby stimulating protein synthesis and possibly increasing CAT activity. The ability of CrS to also exert this effect remains controversial. According to Sestile et al. [4], creatine has neutralizing effects on ROS production that do not interfere on the action of antioxidant enzymes. However, the increase in CAT activity observed in this study is attributed to the formation of H2O2 by SOD. According to Halliwel and Gutteridge

[51], the chemical interaction this website of H2O2 at the catalase active site involves the transfer of a hydrogen ion between the two oxygen atoms, causing a heterolytic cleavage with water and oxygen end products. The findings in our study of increased H2O2 levels in trained and supplemented animals combined with RO4929097 ic50 the neutralizing action of creatine on this ROS may explain

the reduced oxidative damage seen with increased CAT activity. In contrast, the amounts of GSH and GSSG as well as the ratio between GSH/GSSG did not differ between the study groups. GSH has a central role in the biotransformation and elimination of xenobiotics, and protects cells against oxidative stress [52]. To maintain the protective activity of glutathione as expressed by the reduction of oxidizing species and consequent oxidation of GSH to GSSG, GSH must be regenerated through the catalytic cycle [52]. In summary, our study results demonstrate that creatine supplementation acts in an additive manner to physical training to increase antioxidant enzymes in rat liver. More studies are needed to expand our knowledge of the antioxidant effects of creatine and to investigate creatine’s little-known effects on other body tissues. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for the technical support of Clarice

Y. Sibuya and José Roberto R. da Silva who contributed greatly to this Project. Funding This study was supported by “The State of São Paulo Foundation for Research Support” (FAPESP – Proc. 2009/52063-0). References 1. Gama MS: Efeitos da creatina sobre desempenho aeróbio: uma revisão sistemática. Revista Brasileira de Nutrição Esportiva 2011, 5:182–190. ZD1839 cell line 2. Pereira Júnior M, Moraes AJP, Ornellas FH, Gonçalves MA, Liberalli R, Navarro F: Eficiência da suplementação de creatina no desempenho físico humano. Revista Brasileira Prescrição e Fisiologia do Exercício 2012, 6:90–97. 3. Cruzat VF, Rogero MM, Borges MC, Tirapegui J: Aspectos atuais sobre estresse oxidativo, exercícios físicos e suplementação. Rev Bras Med Esporte 2007, 13:336–342.CrossRef 4. Sestili P, Martinelli C, Bravi G, Piccoli G, Curci R: Creatine supplementation affords cytoprotection in oxidatively injured cultured mammalian cells via direct antioxidant activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2006, 40:837–849.PubMedCrossRef 5.