Of the different selection methods described in the introduction, space-based attention has been the focus of the vast majority of neuroimaging studies directed at the control network to date. This line of research has been facilitated by a clear understanding of spatial representations within higher-order cortex [5]. Importantly, there is a great amount of overlap between the attention-related activations in frontoparietal cortex Thiazovivin cost and the topographically organized frontal and parietal areas (see Figure 1 and Box 1), which permits the systematic study of attentional control systems in individual subjects. This approach holds the promise to yield a more complete understanding

of the neural underpinnings of cognitive control processes

related to selective attention. Topographic representations are ubiquitous in the brain and reflect the spatial layout of the sensory receptors; in the case of the visual system, retinal locations are learn more organized in multiple retinotopic maps (Figure 1a,b). The advent of neuroimaging mapping techniques used to define these topographic representations in individual subjects has greatly facilitated the study of functional specialization of visual areas. This approach has been successfully extended in recent years to higher-order cortex. Using a cognitive mapping approach that utilizes periodic memory-guided saccade or spatial attention tasks, topographic organization has been found in a number of areas in parietal and frontal cortex. To date, seven topographically organized areas have been described in bilateral posterior parietal cortex (PPC): six of these areas form

a contiguous band along the intraparietal sulcus (IPS0-IPS5), and one area extends medially into superior parietal lobule (SPL1) (Figure 1c,d; 5, 45 and 46]). Each of these Reverse transcriptase topographic areas contains a continuous representation of the contralateral visual field and is delineated from neighboring areas according to alternating representations of the upper and lower vertical meridian (Figure 1a,b). Topographic maps have also been identified in frontal cortex 47 and 48]. One such map is located in the superior branch of precentral cortex (PreCC), in the approximate location of the human frontal eye field (FEF), and a second one in the inferior branch of PreCC (Figure 1c,d). Utilizing such advanced mapping techniques, a recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study (see Figure 2a for an illustration of the task) found attention signals (see Figure 2b) in topographic frontal and parietal areas to be spatially specific: response magnitude was significantly greater when attention was directed to objects in the contralateral, relative to the ipsilateral, visual field [6••]. With the exception of an area in the left superior parietal lobule, known as SPL1, each topographic area in frontal and parietal cortex individually generated this contralateral spatial bias that was on average balanced between the two hemispheres (Figure 2c).

We have found a small but statistically significant association between invasive pneumococcal disease and viral infections after accounting for the common seasonality of the infections. Influenza-attributable IPD accounted for between 0 and 9.2% of cases of IPD according

to age, meteorological variable and regression method used. In the additive negative binomial regression model, 7.5% of IPD is attributable to influenza, for all ages, when adjusted by average temperature (best-fitting model). The selleck compound percentage of RSV-associated IPD accounted for between 1.5 and 25% of all IPD cases, with 3.5% of IPD attributable to RSV, for all ages, when adjusted by average temperature in the additive negative binomial regression model. Our results for influenza are in line with those of other studies applying similar techniques. They found influenza was associated with 6–10%11 and 5–6%17 of IPD cases. Our study is the first, to our knowledge, to estimate the IPD cases attributable to both influenza and RSV, in different age groups and including average temperature and hours of sunshine to allow for the seasonal characteristics of the data. Our study has looked in more detail at the influence of age in associations between IPD and viral infections.

We found that for influenza the attributable percentage of IPD cases is lowest in the 0–4 years group for both meteorological variables (∼0%) and highest in the over 65 years group when adjusted by temperature (3.2–4.8%, dependent on the model) or PD-0332991 research buy highest in the 5–14 years group when adjusted by hours of sunshine (5.7–6.9%). For RSV, the attributable percentage of IPD cases was again lowest in the 0–4 years group for both meteorological variables (1–2%) and highest in the 15–64 years group for both variables (14.5–25%). In previous studies, evidence of associations between Pyruvate dehydrogenase influenza and IPD has been more consistently reported in adults11, 13, 14 and 17 compared to children where the associations are weaker or non-existent.4, 5, 12, 15 and 16 We also found that the associations between IPD and influenza were stronger in older

age groups when adjusted by temperature. This was not the case when adjusted by hours of sunshine. However the data on hours of sunshine is only available at monthly time periods as opposed to weekly temperature measurements and the association between IPD and temperature was found to be stronger than that between IPD and sunshine (where all data was converted to monthly time periods). In the case of IPD and RSV in children, most studies4, 5 and 18 have found the association between IPD and RSV was stronger than that of IPD and influenza, with only Talbot et al.15 finding the reverse result. Our study also estimates that more cases of IPD in children are attributable to RSV than influenza; however the strength of the statistical evidence of our results for influenza is weak. We also found a similar result for adults.

In addition, the effects of CdTe-QDs on key HepG2 response biomarkers were compared to those obtained in similar exposures using equivalent amounts of cadmium in form of CdCl2. Overall, the study reveals that CdTe-QDs cause oxidative stress, interfere with antioxidant defenses, and activate protein kinases, leading to PS-341 mouse apoptosis via both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. The results suggest that the toxicity of these NPs might be induced from both cadmium effects and ROS generation. HepG2 cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)

(Manassas, VA). CdTe-QDs were purchased from Nano Impex Canada (Mississauga, ON). CdTe-QDs were described by the manufacturer as CdTe/CdS core/shell QDs, encapsulated by polyacrylate polymer layers, with a size of 5 nm, a spectral emission of 540 nm, and a concentration of 10 mg/ml in water containing 10% of cadmium. MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide], dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), cadmium chloride (CdCl2), dihydroethidium (DHE), menadione and staurosporine (STS) were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Eagle’s minimum essential medium (EMEM), fetal bovine serum

and gentamicin were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Spectral and size characterization of test CdTe-QDs were carried out as described in our previous work (Nguyen et al., 2013). HepG2 cells were cultured in EMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 100 μg/ml gentamicin selleck at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. For the MTT assay, cells were seeded into 96-well plates at density of 5 × 104 cells/100 μl well. For confocal microscopy, cells were seeded on cover-slips placed in a 12-well plate, at a concentration of 1 × 105 cells/well in 1 ml of medium. For enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), bead array and enzymatic assays, cells were seeded into 6-well or 96-well plates at density of 5 × 105 cells/2 ml well or 5 × 104 cells/100 μl well, respectively. Cells were

cultured for 24 h to 80% confluency and the medium was replaced just prior to CdTe-QDs exposure. Working solutions of CdTe-QDs and CdCl2 were prepared by diluting the stock solution in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). For the MTT assay, Bay 11-7085 cells were treated with different concentrations of CdTe-QD (0.001–10 μg/ml) for different durations. For other assays, cells were treated with 10 μg/ml CdTe-QDs (containing 1 μg/ml of cadmium) for 24 h. PBS alone was used for sham treatments. Except for MTT assay, treatments with 1.63 μg/ml of CdCl2 (containing 1 μg/ml of cadmium) were done in all other assays for comparison purposes. Menadione (25 μM) was used as a positive control in ROS detection assays, and STS (1 μM) was used as the positive control for caspase-3, cleaved PARP, annexin V, Fas, caspase-8, Bax, Bcl2, cytochrome c and phosphoprotein assays.

However, the basis for the higher baseline values of CPP in intact sham rats and whether this elevation can exert a cardioprotective role remains unclear. Nevertheless, consistent with our hypothesis, physical training decreased the ANG II-induced vasoconstriction in ovariectomized rats to similar levels of trained or sedentary rats with normal estrogen levels. The vasoactive response to ANG II depends directly on the receptor that it binds to, with AT2 or AT1 promoting vasodilation or vasoconstriction, respectively. Estrogen has been shown to decrease the expression of the AT1

receptor in various organs [14], [37] and [53]. Conversely, Baiardi et al. have shown that estrogen causes an upregulation of both receptors in the kidneys of female rats [4]. Moreover, the treatment of ovariectomized rats with estrogen decreased Selleckchem AZD1208 the constriction induced by ANG II in aortic rings [6] and [53]. Physical exercise attenuates ANG II-induced vasoconstriction by modulating the expression of the AT1 and AT2 receptors. ANG II binding to the AT1 receptor can activate gp91phox (Nox2), an enzyme subunit that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which decreases the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) [1] and [45]. In the mammary artery of patients with coronary arterial disease, physical

exercise promoted an increase in AT2 mRNA and a decrease in AT1 mRNA and protein, gp91phox mRNA, Nox4 mRNA (another homologue of gp91phox present in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells) and p22phox33 mRNA [1]. These molecular changes Fulvestrant concentration are followed by reduced ROS production, which results in the attenuation of the maximum vasoconstrictor response to ANG II [27]. Moreover, physical exercise decreases

the expression of MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit ACE and AT1 receptor in the heart [58] and plasma ANG II levels [60], changes that are associated with lower cardiac fibrosis [58] and a decrease in systemic blood pressure [60], respectively. In addition to the vascular mechanism, adiposity is another important factor that can enhance the risk of CVD in the post-menopausal period. During the training protocol, the SO group exhibited a significant increase in BW. A previous study analyzed the possible causes involved in the fat gain caused by E2 deficiency, the authors observed that after OVX, the animals exhibited hyperphagic behavior and reduced locomotor activity and were more prone to accumulating fat because of these changes in behavior [57]. In addition, lipoprotein metabolism was altered (the rate of lipolysis was decreased and the activity of lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue was augmented) in post-menopausal women [17]. In mice, estradiol supplementation also protected against adipocyte hypertrophy and adipose tissue oxidative stress and inflammation [51]. The fact that central fat accumulation is a consequence of estrogen deficiency is also supported by studies of aromatase gene knockout (ArKO) mice (who cannot synthesize endogenous estrogens).

iufost2012.org.br Foodmicro 2012 3–7 September 2012 Istanbul, Turkey Internet:www.foodmicro.org Eurosense 2012 – European Conference on Sensory and Consumer Research 9–12 September 2012 Bern, Switzerland Internet: TBA Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV “
“Honey is the see more natural product obtained by honeybees from the nectar of flowers

or from secretions of living parts of plants or excretions of plant sucking insects, which the bees collect and transform by combining with specific substances of their own and store in the honeycomb to ripen and mature (Brasil, Instrução Normativa n° 11, 2000). The composition of honey consists of varying proportions of sugars, water, amino acids, oil, mineral salts and especial enzymes produced by bees (Enrich, Boeykens, Caracciolo, Custo, & Vázquez, 2007). For the general quality control of honey according to the current standards of the Codex Alimentarius (Codex Standard for Honey, 2002) and the European Union (EU-Council Council Directive, 2002), several physical and chemical measurements have to be determined based on their composition. Sugars are the main constituents of honey, comprising about 95% of honey dry weight. The relative amount of the two monosaccharides, fructose (F) and glucose

(G), as well as, the fructose–glucose and glucose–water ratios are useful for the classification of unifloral honeys. For example, the G + F minimum value for blossom honeys should be 60 g/100 g, while for honeydew honeys it is 45 g/100 g (EU-Council Council Directive, 2002). The honeys’ GSI-IX color depends on the how old MG-132 datasheet the honey is and the kind of flower that supplies the nectar. The determination of color is a useful classification criterion for unifloral honeys. For example, alfafa produces a white honey, heather a reddish-brown, acacia and citrus, a straw color. Honey color is related with its flavor. Light colored honey is mild whereas darker types have stronger flavors. Light

honeys generally fetch the highest prices. Nevertheless, in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, dark honeys are especially appreciated. Dark colored honeys are reported to contain more phenolic acid derivatives but less flavonoids than light colored ones (Bogdanov, Ruoff, & Oddo, 2004). The most commonly used methods are based on optical comparison, using simple color grading after Pfund or Lovibond (Fell, 1978). Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is an important indicator for evaluation of storage time and heat damage. It is a sugar breakdown product and increases with temperature and storage time while fresh honeys contain only traces of HMF (Zappalà, Fallico, Arena, & Verzera, 2005). Diastase activity in honey is also affected by storage time and temperature. The diastase enzyme facilitates conversion of starch to maltose and is added by bees during honey production. However, its natural levels are variable in honeys depending on floral source.

We perform a series of model experiments using idealised conical geometry and simplified ambient conditions to study the penetration of a dense water cascade into

ambient stratification. The model setup was inspired by conditions previously observed at Svalbard in the Arctic Ocean. We investigate how variations in the parameters of the overflow – its initial salinity S and the flow rate Q – affect the fate of the plume. We reproduce the main regimes Selleckchem Ipilimumab where the plume is either (i) arrested at intermediate depths, (ii) pierces the intermediate layer and descends to the bottom of the continental slope or (iii) partially detaches off the bottom, intrudes into the intermediate layer while the remainder continues downslope. Our results show that for our given model setup the regime is predictable from the initial source water properties – its density (typically given by the salinity S as the temperature is practically constant at near-freezing) and volume transport Q. The results show that even a cascade with high initial salinity S   may not pierce the Atlantic Layer if its flow rate Q   is low. The initial density of the plume is therefore not the only parameter controlling the depth penetration of the plume. The combined effect of S   and Q   on the

cascade’s regime is explained by the system’s gain in potential see more energy (ΔPEΔPE) arising from the introduction of dense water at shallow depth and N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase a functional relationship exists between ΔPEΔPE and the penetration depth and thus the prevailing regime. This work was partly funded by NERC’s Core Research Programme Oceans 2025, the EU FP7 MyOcean/MyOcean2 project and a University of Plymouth PhD studentship. We thank Vladimir V. Ivanov (Scottish Association of Marine Science) for fruitful discussions regarding the vertical coordinate system. The National Centre for Ocean

Forecasting (NCOF) provided us with the NEMO-SHELF code. Hedong Liu and Jason Holt (National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool) are acknowledged for kindly providing the code for the vertical PPM advection and the Pressure Jacobian horizontal pressure gradient schemes. H. Liu also assisted with the coding of the no-slip bottom boundary condition in NEMO. The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for giving detailed comments and suggestions that have helped to improve the manuscript. “
“A major task in simulating a realistic climate system relies on the development of an accurate ocean model. Indeed, by transporting heat poleward, the “real world” ocean circulation and its thermal properties (large thermal inertia as compared to the atmosphere) play an important role in regulating the earth’s mean climate and its variability at millennium (e.g. Clarke et al., 2002, Rahmstorf, 2002), decadal (e.g. Delworth and Mann, 2000, Dijkstra et al., 2006 and Kerr, 2000) and interannual (e.g. Swingedouw et al., 2012) timescales.

5 units (see Fig. 5). The likely scenario for testing scrubber discharge compliance is that a small boat is used with a person collecting samples, a potentially dangerous endeavour due to the proximity to the screw propeller, by drawing fluid from locations beneath the free surface. A number of samples need to be taken and time averaged to account for the turbulent ‘flapping’ of the jet and in Apoptosis inhibitor order to get meaningful data the jet position

4 m from the ship (y = 4 m) needs to be estimated (see Fig. 3). The accuracy of measuring the pH at a specific depth is problematic and requires calibrated and temperature corrected probes. An alternative method to validating the discharge compliance is to measure the temperature as a series of points along the discharge jet. The temperature measurements can be used to infer the dilution at 4 m with

the pH determined from titration curves. Hendrik Ülpre would like to thank the Archimedes Foundation in Estonia for funding this work. “
“The authors regret that the calculated carcinogenic risks presented in Table 4 of the above article are wrong, and the correct values are given below: As such, on page 2261, column 1, line 6–15, the correct sentences should be the following: Among the elements studied, As posed the greatest carcinogenic risk due to shellfish consumption, which conflicts with the findings of the CRA (2005) that identified Cd as the most important source of concern Lapatinib (associated with fish consumption). The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. “
“On 26 June this year (2013), a grey seal (Halichoerus

grypus) somehow found its way into the River Arun at my home town on the coast of West Sussex and was reported upon in the Littlehampton Gazette of 27 June 2013. Not as big as a bull (<3 m) it was probably either immature, playfully checking out local canoeists, yachties and the like, or a cow (<2 m). It stayed in the river all summer, SB-3CT earning the name ‘Sammy’, and being recorded progressively further upstream: at Ford in July, between Pulborough and Stopham Bridge in early August, back down to Arundel later in August and Littlehampton, again, in September and then smartly disappeared, presumably back out to sea, by October. While resident in the Arun, ‘Sammy’ created much pleasure for intrigued locals and visitors alike although, perhaps predictably, anglers moaned about the seal’s better success at fishing. The other British species, the common or harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) too has been recorded occasionally from along the Sussex coast and in rivers including the Arun, but also the Adur, Cuckmere and Ouse, and there is a small colony of them residing in Chichester Harbour just along the coast from me. Circum-boreally, there are an estimated 5–6 million harbour seals.

Atualmente, as metodologias são ainda muito variáveis, sobretudo na fase de indução, em que nos protocolos convencionais há aumentos de dose diários ou a intervalos de poucas semanas, enquanto nos protocolos rápidos (rush) os aumentos de dose ocorrem em intervalos de minutos a horas; existem também protocolos mistos. A ocorrência de efeitos secundários tem sido a regra nos protocolos orais rápidos 12 and 13. Por outro lado, a duração dos protocolos convencionais é extremamente longa 14, tratando-se portanto de uma terapêutica morosa e que consome muito tempo, para doentes e médicos. A administração de anticorpos monoclonais

como terapêutica coadjuvante, tal como no caso da dessensibilização a aeroalergénios com Omalizumab, foi também já investigada no contexto de indução de tolerância alimentar, tendo apresentado bons resultados18. Porém, o inovador protocolo EPZ015666 molecular weight misto que check details desenvolvemos19, com uma fase de indução

rápida seguida de uma abordagem um pouco mais lenta, com via de administração sub-lingual e oral, usando como extrato alergénico o LV em natureza não-diluído, mas prevendo adaptações de doses, tem revelado excelente eficácia (com aquisição de tolerância para 200 ml de LV em menos tempo) e segurança mesmo em quadros com clínica de anafilaxia grave e sem necessidade de terapêutica imunológica coadjuvante, independentemente dos níveis das IgEs específicas, tal como ocorreu no caso em discussão, não tendo estas valor preditivo do sucesso do protocolo; no acompanhamento deste caso observou-se a redução imediata das IgEs específicas para LV e caseína, mas com subida da IgE específica para α-lactoalbumina e β-lactoglobulina. Este procedimento, realizado em centros especializados e por equipas médicas experientes, com doentes e famílias esclarecidos e francamente motivados, afigura-se como uma estratégia terapêutica inovadora em casos de APLV IgE-mediada, constituindo a única possibilidade de modificar a história natural desta patologia comprovada por estudo controlados15, 16 and 17, e conferindo proteção relativamente à ingestão inadvertida, nomeadamente

na forma de alergénio oculto, o que permite uma melhoria significativa da qualidade de vida destes doentes aminophylline e dos seus familiares. Durante a realização dos protocolos alguns fatores associam-se a um risco aumentado de reações para doses previamente toleradas; o esforço físico intenso, podendo associar-se a um processo de anafilaxia induzida pelo exercício dependente da ingestão do alimento, tem sido, na nossa experiência, o mais comum19. Esta possibilidade justifica que os doentes com história de anafilaxia continuem a ser portadores de dispositivo para autoadministração de adrenalina, mesmo após conclusão do protocolo. Especialmente na fase de indução, a administração do alergénio não deverá ser feita em jejum19. A terapêutica antialergénica indicada para o controlo das patologias coexistentes deverá ser mantida durante todo o protocolo.

, 2010). The drought and wetness hydrological behavior reproduced by the linear combination of the first components of PCA applied to SPI field at scale of 18 months is considered satisfactory since, in almost the totality of the NEA, the proportion MG-132 manufacturer of the total variance explained at each grid point was higher than 60%. The implementation of SSA allowed us to find a common oscillatory cycle for SPI and drought/wetness spatial coverage series with a dominant period of about 6.5 years, both for dry and wet events, so we could infer that EPE, in spatial extent and in intensity have the same leading periodicities. Consistently with

these results, Krepper and Garcia (2004) reported a cycle of T ≈ 6 years in monthly precipitation series for the whole LPB and for gauging stations on the Uruguay River. Another important hydrological cycle in SPI series at 18 month time scale was the oscillatory mode with dominant period of T = 8.7 years. This result is consistent with a quasi-decadal cycle found in the annual streamflow of the Paraná and Paraguay rivers reported by García and Mechoso (2005) and Robertson and Mechoso (1998), who associated this cycle with SST anomalies

situated over the tropical North Atlantic. In addition, Venencio and García (2012) detected a similar cycle (close to 8 years) in annual precipitation in the South of the province of Santa Fe. As could Hormones antagonist be expected, extremely dry and wet periods that affect the largest areas of the NEA, considering the percentage of grid points that exceed the thresholds of extremely wet or dry months, were the same as those showing EPE of higher intensity and duration according to the temporal behavior given by SPI field at different time scales. The analysis of historical events with large portions of the entire region under water excess/deficit at critical months enabled us to determine the most vulnerable zones to

extreme drought/wetness. The implications of these results depend on which time scales are used. The shorter scales (n = 6 months) provide valuable information for decision-making in livestock and crop production, while the longer period time scales (n = 12 or 18 months) describe the hydrological behavior of the region. The exploration at all time scales Abiraterone molecular weight indicates that the Central-West portion of NEA seems to be the most vulnerable area to extraordinary extreme drought/wetness. We have presented the spatiotemporal behavior of EPE observed throughout the 20th century and up to the year 2010 in the NEA. Dry and wet events were characterized by means of the SPI applied to monthly precipitation series at different time scales (6, 12 and 18 months). Given that the stations in NEA are not homogeneously distributed in space we used gridded precipitation datasets on high-resolution. The dataset CRU TS 3.

Na maioria dos doentes com CU a doença localiza‐se à esquerda (67,6%) (tabela 1). A duração média de tratamento com AZA foi de 35,1 ± 30,6 meses. A duração mínima de utilização do fármaco foi 3 meses e a duração máxima foi 136 meses. Em um doente a AZA foi utilizada apenas por 3 meses por mielotoxicidade e selleck chemicals llc em 3 doentes

foi usada por 4 meses (em 2 dos quais por mielotoxicidade e em outro por hepatotoxicidade). Os restantes doentes estiveram medicados com a AZA por períodos superiores a 6 meses. A taxa global de efeitos secundários foi de 30,6% (em 11 doentes os efeitos secundários surgiram antes dos 3 meses de tratamento e em 4 doentes surgiram após esse período). Nenhum doente havia sido tratado previamente com biológicos ou metotrexato. A maioria dos doentes (83,3%) estava medicada concomitantemente com 5‐ASA. Na altura da introdução da AZA, a mesma percentagem check details de doentes (83,3%) estava também medicada com corticoides, com uma duração média de 6,8 ± 10,0 meses. A AZA foi eficaz em 48 doentes (66,7%). Na CU a AZA foi eficaz em 70,6% dos doentes e na DC em 60%. A tabela 2 caracteriza de forma discriminada a população estudada, de acordo com a eficácia do tratamento a longo prazo. O sexo, o

tipo de doença (DC/CU/DII) e a idade de diagnóstico da DII não têm relação com a eficácia da AZA a longo prazo. Existe relação entre Ketotifen a idade de introdução da AZA e a resposta a longo prazo do fármaco, embora esta relação seja sustentada estatisticamente por

uma significância marginal (r = 0,228, p = 0,054). Quanto mais avançada a idade do doente na altura da introdução da AZA, maior a eficácia do fármaco a longo prazo. No que respeita ao tempo de evolução da doença, não se verificou correlação com a eficácia sustentada da AZA (r = 0,097, p = 0,416). Utilizando a regressão linear, pelo método stepwise, verificou‐se que a única variável que prediz o sucesso a longo prazo da AZA aquando do início da terapêutica é a idade mais avançada na altura da introdução do fármaco (R = 0,303, p = 0,019) (fig. 1). Neste modelo utilizaram‐se como variáveis o sexo, o tipo de doença, os PL antes do início da terapêutica, o tempo de evolução da doença e a idade do doente na altura da introdução da AZA. Além disso, avaliando o subgrupo de doentes com CU, verificou‐se também associação entre a localização da doença e a eficácia da AZA a longo prazo, sendo que os doentes com colite esquerda respondem de forma mais favorável do que os doentes com pancolite (r = –0,381, p = 0,026). Já nos doentes com DC, não se observou relação com a eficácia da AZA no que respeita ao fenótipo, à localização e à presença de doença perianal, tal como se verifica na tabela 2.