LB broth has been used in most cases for biosurfactant production from Bacillus strains [48]. Previous studies have shown that the length and composition of the fatty acid depends on the growth medium and may result in higher specific surfactant activity [19, 49]. Regardless of the similarities MI-503 solubility dmso between the structures of surfactin and AMS H2O-1, one of the genes required for surfactin biosynthesis, sfp[50], could not be detected in Bacillus sp. H2O-1 by PCR (data not shown) using primers previously described by Hsieh et al. [50]. These authors were able to amplify the sfp gene from different

strains of Bacillus subtilis and from other surfactin-producing Bacillus spp. Bacillus sp. H2O-1 either has a mutant allele of sfp that could not be detected by this pair of primers or has a slightly different homologue. The expression of different homologues or different ratios of the same homologues will confer different surface tension characteristics [51]. The AMS H2O-1 lipopeptide extract was further

compared with the crude extract of surfactin produced by B. subtilis for its ability to decrease interfacial tension and surface tension, and their critical micellar concentration (CMC) were determined. The results showed that the properties of both molecules were similar, although buy CAL-101 the CMC of the AMS H2O-1 lipopeptide extract was much lower (3 times), probably because of differences between the mixture of homologues produced by each species. Previous studies showed Cediranib (AZD2171) that the surfactin produced by B. subtilis LB5a using cassava waste water as substrate presented different CMC values [24, 28, 52]. Biosurfactants are now being widely studied

because of their ability to adsorb to surfaces and delay microbial attachment. Banat et al. [20], Araujo et al. [53] and many other authors have been able to decrease microbial adhesion and biofilm development on many surfaces through the pre-treatment of the surfaces with a variety of biosurfactants. The anti-adhesive effects of a biosurfactant is due to its capacity to adsorb to a solid surface and change the hydrophobicity; the apolar portion interacts with the hydrophobic surface, while the polar portion is exposed to the aqueous environment, resulting in a decrease in the hydrophobicity of the surface. This change interferes with the microbial adhesion on this surface and therefore alters biofilm development [54]. The inhibitory activity of AMS H2O-1 on the formation of SRB biofilms on glass has been previously demonstrated [26]. Biofilm formation is a complex phenomenon that is usually divided into five steps: reversible adhesion, irreversible adhesion, EPS production, maturation and dispersion. The first and second steps involve microbial adhesion to surfaces are the most important to the initiation of biofilm formation.