The increase in serum ALT level at 8 hours after Con A (15 mg/kg) administration was attenuated by an anti-VAP-1 antibody that is known to inhibit adhesive functions but not to interfere with the enzymatic activity of VAP-1.[9] However, the attenuation was only apparent at 8 hours (70% attenuated) but not at 24 hours (Fig. 1B). Consistent with this observation, LY2157299 solubility dmso histological analysis revealed that Con A-induced portal and lobular inflammation was minimally attenuated in anti-VAP-1-treated livers at 8 hours (statistically not significant) (Fig. 2A-D, Table 1). At 24 hours of hepatic injury, blocking lymphocyte recruitment into the liver was not sufficient to affect the overall injury markedly

(Fig. 2E-H, Table 2). Interestingly, some spatial difference occurred. The histological score for periportal inflammation was lower, as was the necrosis of the two rows of hepatocytes adjacent to

the space of Disse (interface) while the lobular inflammation and necrosis were not reduced. VAP-1 functions as an SSAO in addition to an adhesin.[13, 15] The catalytic activity of VAP-1 has been invoked in the induction of various liver diseases.[14, 15] Therefore, we examined whether an enzymatic inhibitor for SSAO can attenuate the hepatic injury derived by Con A. Although EMD 1214063 order there was no statistically significant difference in serum ALT level between the vehicle-treated and SSAO inhibitor-treated group (Fig. 1C), the values were 2,007 ± 391 for vehicle and Con A and 1,433 ± 332 for SSAO inhibitor

and Con A. Inhibiting α4 integrin, however, not only did not inhibit injury, there was a very significant almost 2-fold further increase in injury. Furthermore, anti-α4 antibody induced periportal inflammation that was not induced by Con A alone (Table 1). At 24 hours after Con A, the lobular inflammation was more severe with α4-integrin treatment (Fig. 2E-H, Table 2) and serum ALT levels were higher, particularly at 8 hours, to Con A alone (Fig. 1B). However, these blocking Baf-A1 supplier antibodies themselves did not cause any liver damage and systemic inflammation as shown in serum ALT and lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) level (Supporting Fig. 2). The liver is known to have a large amount of resident mononuclear cells including T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cells. A further significant infiltration of mononuclear cells including NK cells and CD3+ lymphocytes and a decrease in NKT cells were noted with Con A (Supporting Fig. 3). Although the mononuclear cell values for anti-α4 and anti-VAP-1 antibody-treated mice were lower, they did not reach significance perhaps because only some subpopulations were decreased while others stayed the same or even increased (Fig. 3A). Indeed anti-VAP-1 antibodies attenuated the increase in CD4+ cells (Fig. 3B), but did not influence the NK and NKT cells (Supporting Fig. 3). There was no change in the number of CD8 T cells (Fig. 3B).