“
“Short-latency ocular following are reflexive, tracking eye movements that are observed in human and non-human primates in response to a sudden and brief translation of the image. Initial, open-loop part of the eye acceleration reflects many of the properties attributed to low-level motion processing. We review a very large set of behavioral data demonstrating several key properties of motion detection and integration stages and their dynamics. We propose that these properties can be modeled as a behavioral receptive field exhibiting linear and nonlinear mechanisms responsible for context-dependent

spatial integration and gain EPZ015938 purchase control. Functional models similar to that used for describing neuronal properties of receptive fields can then be applied

successfully. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Evolutionists strive to learn about the natural historical process that gave rise to various taxa, while also attempting to classify them efficiently and make generalizations about them. The quantitative importance of lateral gene transfer inferred from genomic data, although well acknowledged by microbiologists, selleck chemicals llc is in conflict with the conceptual foundations of the traditional phylogenetic system erected to achieve these goals. To provide a true account of microbial evolution, we suggest Oxalosuccinic acid developing an alternative conception of natural groups and introduce a new notion – the composite evolutionary unit. Furthermore, we argue that a comprehensive database containing overlapping taxonomical groups would constitute a step forward regarding the classification of microbes in the presence of lateral gene transfer.”
“Events over the past year have brought hope and have re-energized the interest in targeting pre-infection or early infection period with preventative or therapeutic interventions such as vaccines and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). In breakthrough infections, the incidence, long term prognosis and clinical significance of early infection

events is not well understood but it is possible that these early events may be crucial in determining the subsequent course of disease. We use a branching process model in a deterministically varying environment to explore how the dynamics of early infection affects the accumulation of mutations which lay the seeds for long term evolution of drug resistance and immune system evasion. We relate this exploration to regimes of impact, on diversity, of tropical interventions strategies such as PrEP and vaccines. As a metric of diversity we compute the probability of existence of particular genomes which potentially arise. Using several model scenarios, we demonstrate various regimes of ‘response’ of evolution to ‘intervention’.