1A). In contrast, 1 h after venom injection (100 μg/100 μl) the muscles showed intense interstitial hemorrhage, edema (fiber enlargement and an increase in the tissue interfascicular space), and emaciated myofibers; neutrophils were very few or absent. At 3 h, some of the swollen edematous cells showed “delta” lesions and, more rarely, dense clumps of hypercontracted myofibrils; an inflammatory neutrophilic infiltrate was observed

along with extravascular red blood cells (Fig. 1B,C). At 6 h, hemorrhage diminished and was replaced by foci of a dense polymorphonuclear-rich Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library price inflammatory infiltrate (not shown), while at 18 h macrophages gradually appeared in the interstitial space and in necrotic fibers (Fig. 1D). At 3 days post-venom, clusters of proliferative myoblasts were observed in the damaged area (Fig. 1E) and at 7 days post-venom basophilic myoblasts and myotubes of different sizes were abundant (Fig. 1F).

Doxorubicin manufacturer By 21 days post-venom, the former damaged region was now occupied by discrete foci of small centrally nucleated myofibers (shown in Fig. 3B). Masson’s trichrome, which stains collagen tissue blue, showed that in control muscle the collagenous matrix was clearly visible only in the perimysium around venous and arterial branches; the endomysial matrix was barely seen (Fig. 2A). At 1 h post-venom, the collagen bundles appeared ragged (Fig. 2B), while at 3 and 7 days post-venom there was a noticeable deposition in some regions, with proliferative myoblasts and differentiating myotubes giving these regions a fibrotic aspect (Fig. 2C,D, respectively). One hour after venom injection, the mean small diameter of fibers in the affected muscle region was significantly greater (59.8 ± 8.2 μm; n = 1200 fibers) than in controls injected with PBS (39.9 ± 6.7 μm; n = 1200 fibers) ( Fig. 3A). At 21 days post-venom, only 205 regenerated cells (those with central nuclei) were detected in cross-sections of gastrocnemius (n = 6 rats). The mean diameter of these fibers was significantly smaller (21.42 ± 5.65 μm) than that of apparently normal fibers

with peripheral nuclei in venom-injected muscle (41.16 ± 7.96 μm; Fig. 3B). The diameter of the latter fibers was not significantly different from Ribonuclease T1 that of normal fibers in rats injected with PBS (42.0 ± 6.03 μm). The activation of resident macrophages (M1 phagocytic population) in the damaged region was evaluated by counting the number of cells expressing CD68 protein in envenomed and control muscles; the number of CD68-positive macrophages increased significantly up to 24 h (461.67 ± 144.67), but decreased gradually thereafter. From 7 days post-venom onwards the number of CD68-positive cells was lower than observed at 1 h (Fig. 4A,B). Osteopontin was expressed in the cytoplasm of intact and venom-damaged fibers (Fig. 5A,B), macrophages, myoblasts and myotubes and fibroblast (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7).