which consists of selleck bio 3 stages 2 h restraint, 20 min forced swim in 37 C water, and exposure to ether anesthesia. SPS rats express enhanced negative feedback of the HPA axis and low levels of corticostone in plasma, which resemble neuroendocrinology changes in PTSD. The amygdala is one of the key regions in the limbic Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries system of the brain and has been thought to have an important role in the emotional memory such as fear. Amygdala has three distinct subgroups central nucleus, corticomedial nucleus, and basolateral nucleus. The basolateral nucleus is the largest among these three and has been strongly implicated as key sites for stress and fear anxiety functions. Magnetic resource image studies reveal significant amygdala volume reduction in adult patients with PTSD.
Our previous study noted a higher apoptosis rate in the amygdala with TUNEL staining and double labeled flow cytometry methods. Changed Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries apoptosis related protein were also found in the amygdala of the SPS rats. These studies suggest abnormal amygdala structure and function is involved in PTSD. On the other hand, neuroendocrine studies from Feldman suggest Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries that the amygdala has an excitatory effect on the HPA axis, as noted by increased corticosterone levels after amygdala stimulation, as well as inhibition of the HPA axis responses to stress in rats with amygdala lesions. MR and GR have a high density of expression in the amygdala. It has been reported that adding of corticosteroids to the amygdala enhanced anxiety like behavior. Blockade of both GR and MR produced an increase in startle response.
GR and MR antagonist increased the percentage of time the rats spent on open arms, and increased the amount of entries into these open arms in the Elevated Plus Maze test. These findings suggest that effects of both receptors have been implicated in the fear enhancing effects of glucocorticoids. The bulk of studies Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries on both receptors have focused on hippocampal neurons, but no work has shed light on their function in the amygdala related to PTSD. In our previous study, down regulation of MR and GR in the hippocampus of PTSD rats was found. But the roles of MR and GR in the amygdala of PTSD rats is incompletely understood. In the present study, we aimed to address the effects of SPS on fear using behavioral tests, and determining morphological changes of the amygdala neurons.
To explore the expression of MR and GR, we determined the levels of protein Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and mRNA using dual fluorescence histochemistry, western blotting and RT PCR. Methods Animal model preparation and grouping A total of 60 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups a control group, SPS groups examined on day 1, day 7 and day 14. The control rats remained in their home cages with no handling for 14 citation days and were killed at the same time as the SPS groups. The SPS rats underwent the SPS procedure on the first day.