We sought to investigate the association of IL-18 gene variants with measures of obesity and the metabolic syndrome in different age ranges; in healthy children who participated in the Gene – Diet Attica Investigation on childhood obesity (GENDAI) (aged 10–14 years) and a group of healthy women from the Greek Obese Women study (GrOW) (aged 18–74 years). We also examined the effect of these IL18 variants in response to an oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) and an oral glucose tolerance

test (OGTT) in young men (aged 18–28 years) in the second European Atherosclerosis Research Study (EARSII), an offspring study of ‘cases’ with a paternal RG7422 in vitro history of premature coronary heart disease (CHD) with matched ‘controls’. Subjects were recruited from public schools in the Attica region of Greece and a total of 1138 children were enrolled. Due to the heterogeneity in allele frequencies between Greek and non-Greek Caucasians, only children of Greek nationality (mean age: 11.2 ± 0.7 years; n = 882; 418 males and 464 females) PLX3397 were included in the present study. Details of recruitment, body

composition assessment and biochemical analysis have been previously described [17]. Parents or guardians and participating children gave their informed consent prior to inclusion in the study. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Harokopio University and the Greek Ministry of Education. Subjects were recruited from 14 European university student populations, men aged 18–28 years, from 11 European countries. The countries were divided into four regions: Baltic (Estonia and Finland); United Kingdom; Middle Europe (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, and Switzerland); and South Europe (Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain). The study comprises ‘Cases’, classified on the basis of their father having an early myocardial infarct (MI) (pre-55 years;

n = 407) and age-matched controls (n = 415). Each participant was administered a standard OGTT (100 mg) and a standardised OFTT (1493Kcal) after a 12-h overnight fast. Venous blood samples were drawn at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after OGTT for determination Edoxaban of insulin and glucose concentrations and at 0, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h after OFTT for triglyceride concentrations. Details of these assays have been reported previously [18]. A total of 379 women of Greek origin without a known history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease or cancer were enrolled in this study, which was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Harokopio University. All participants gave their informed consent. Details of body composition assessment and biochemical analysis have been previously described [19]. Fasting glucose concentrations >126 mg/dL, cortisol treatment and lipid lowering medication were criteria for exclusion from the analysis. Thus, our analysis was restricted to 349 apparently healthy women without diabetes or cardiovascular disease (CVD).