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“Oil sheens and the smell of volatile organics remain in coastal Louisiana three years after the 20 April 2010 BP Macondo Blowout disaster (also known as: DWH; Deepwater Horizon) began at Mississippi Canyon Block 252 (MC252), located about 66 km offshore of the Mississippi River delta. This disaster resulted in 11 deaths and 17 people injured when the drilling rig exploded and burned, and released an estimated 4.4 × 106 barrels of MC252 oil and

gas into Gulf of Mexico waters; 804,877 barrels were also collected at the well riser (Crone and Tolstoy, 2010). This accident was the largest marine oil spill event in history (Camelli et al., 2010), and equal to twenty times the size of the Exxon Valdez oil spill (Paine et al., 1996). Oil from this industrial accident was first reported to be on Louisiana beaches at Port Fourchon 11 May 2010,

and on Raccoon Island on 13 May 2010. Fresh sightings of the oily mousse and tar balls in the estuaries continued after the compromised well was capped on 15 July and officially declared shut on 19 September 2010. The Louisiana coastal ecosystems were disproportionately exposed to the released oil (Table 1). Fifty-one percent of Louisiana’s oiled shoreline was wetlands and the majority of the recovered oiled birds, turtles and mammals were in the three states north of the disaster site (AL, LA, MS), and 70% of the recovered oiled birds were in Louisiana Crenolanib mw (Table 1). Oil coated some emergent plants up to the high water mark, and weighed some plants down as far as 10 m inland from the shoreline.

The results from studies examining other oil spill events suggest that some of the MC252 oil deposited in anaerobic zones of coastal ecosystems will persist and remain virtually unchanged for decades (Vandermeulen and Singh, 1994, Reddy et al., 2002, Peterson et al., 2003, Peacock et al., 2007 and Boehm et al., 2008). Any effects of this oiling might combine with other influences to have a synergistic and maladaptive outcome. The immediate ecological effects of the deposited Olopatadine oil may be its toxicity to a variety of organisms (Garrity et al., 1994, Hershner and Lake, 1980, Teal et al., 1992, Culbertson et al., 2007a and Culbertson et al., 2007b), and any damage incurred is expected to be dependent on exposure length and frequency. This dependency is partly due to oil composition that will change with temperature, volatilization, and decomposition (weathering) in aerobic environments as it moves between ocean, estuary and coastal wetlands as droplets, tar balls, a brownish emulsion (“mousse”), and as a surface sheen. Also, marsh re-oiling due to the re-mobilization of buried oil can result in chronic exposures.