These were represented Salubrinal in the top soil by empty shells. This single study increases the global number of recorded mollusc extinctions by almost 2 %. A similar paper was recently published on a radiation of extinct but undescribed endodontid land snails from Rurutu, also in French Polynesia, but in the taxonomic literature and so unlikely to be noticed by the biodiversity conservation community (Sartori et al. 2013). As pointed out by Stork (2010), with reference

to birds in Pacific Islands in general, it is difficult to argue that this phenomenon, extinction before description, can be extrapolated directly to continental land masses. However, evolutionary radiation in GSK1904529A purchase island systems often leads to the presence of numerous narrowly endemic species. These narrow island endemics are particularly susceptible to extinction through the impacts of invasive species and as a result of other anthropogenic changes. Snails are especially vulnerable and oceanic island snails, particularly in the Pacific, constitute by far the largest group of extinct land snails (Régnier et al. 2009). It

must also be borne in mind that species do not exist in isolation. In the case of plants, Raven (1976) estimated that the extinction of a single plant species is “on the average, accompanied by a 10–30 fold loss amongst other organisms”. An independent analysis of MCC950 manufacturer the numbers of bacteria, insects, fungi, nematodes and viruses known only as associates of particular well-studied flowering plant species suggested 20, and a working figure

of 15 was commended (Hawksworth 1998). How this figure relates to organisms other than flowering plants, including both vertebrate and invertebrate animals, is currently unknown. In some cases, however, dependent organisms will have been described in the absence of any information that they were dependents. Conclusion Estimates of historical species extinction rates are likely to mafosfamide be underestimates if they do not endeavour to allow for: (1) species represented only in collections and not yet formally described; (2) species preserved as durable remains but not hitherto collected and described; and (3) dependent organisms associated with those undescribed species that may or may not have previously been recognized. Taxonomic study is thus the key to developing accurate estimates of extinction rates, especially of many of the lesser known groups that constitute the vast majority of biodiversity, as well as being crucial as the underpinning of efforts to conserve the remaining extant species in such groups. Acknowledgments This note was prepared while DLH was in receipt of funding from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación project CGL2011-25003. References Bebber DP, Carine MA, Wood JRI, Wortley AH, Harris DJ, Prance GT, Davidse G, Paige J, Pennington TD, Robson NBK, Scotland RW (2010) Herbaria are a major frontier for species discovery.