The tubulin monoclonal antibody developed by Drs. J. Frankel and E.M. Nelsen was obtained from the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank developed under the Panobinostat clinical trial auspices of the NICHD and maintained by the Department of Biology, University of Iowa (Iowa City, IA). This work was supported by a grant to C.M. from the NIDCD (DC007864) and by grants to S.J.M. from the Converging Research Center Program funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (2012K001350) and from the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and

Technology (2009-0075341 and 2012R1A1A1012081). “
“The central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) is a critical center for binaural CT99021 mw processing. In addition to intracollicular synaptic inputs, ICC neurons receive ascending inputs from nearly all auditory brainstem nuclei (Casseday et al., 2002, Grothe et al., 2010 and Pollak, 2012). By integrating contralaterally and ipsilaterally evoked inputs, ICC neurons can perform multiple functional tasks in parallel:

the processing of sound attributes per se, such as frequency and intensity, and the processing of binaural sound localization cues such as interaural time and level differences (ITD and ILD, respectively). Despite many previous studies, the arithmetic nature of binaural integration, namely, the transfer function between monaural and binaural spike responses, remains not well defined. Most binaural studies have focused on neural tuning for the spatial location of sound sources, or have varied the acoustic parameters that contribute most to sound localization (Chase and Young, 2005, Delgutte

et al., 1999, Irvine and Gago, 1990, Kelly and Phillips, 1991, Kuwada et al., Adenylyl cyclase 1987, Semple and Kitzes, 1985 and Wenstrup et al., 1988). In this study, we reveal the monaural-to-binaural spike response transformation by examining the complete auditory receptive fields under contralateral, ipsilateral, and binaural stimulation conditions. Most ICC neurons are driven strongly by contralateral sound sources, due to the major contralateral excitatory projections from cochlear nuclei and lateral superior olive (LSO) (Adams, 1979, Brunso-Bechtold et al., 1981 and Ross and Pollak, 1989). Ipsilaterally presented sound can suppress, have no effect on, or in some cases enhance the binaural spike response relative to the response driven contralaterally alone (Irvine and Gago, 1990, Roth et al., 1978, Semple and Aitkin, 1979 and Wenstrup et al., 1988).