pylori strains are described as mostly “innocuous or only mildly pathogenic”. It is certain that these genomes representing Indian patients would rekindle our understanding of the genetic makeup and evolutionary relationships of this pathogen in India. Furthermore, the genome sequence data would allow newer insights into the enigmatic situation, wherein high infection burden predicts the lowest rates of gastric or duodenal ulcers and gastric carcinoma. Draft genome sequences from nine functional dyspeptic patients and one gastric cancer patient from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were also

published [9]. In contrast to the situations in China and India, Malaysia presents an interesting canvas to study host–pathogen coevolution in multiple ways. Being an immigrant society located along major shipping routes between China and India, Malaysia has three major ethnic populations, BMS-777607 cell line Malay, Chinese, and Indian. Besides its ethnic diversity, the country also presents a coexisting array of H. pylori that PD0332991 can be identified to various ancestral populations:

hpEastAsia, hpAsia2, and hpEurope [10]. Availability of genomic sequences from this region of South-East Asia will serve as a linking piece on the human migration puzzle, as well as aiding in the study of the role of the transmission and coevolution of H. pylori with its host. The H. pylori genome is well known to be “highly sexual” given high frequency of horizontal gene transfers. For the first time, a global survey of the genome-wide distribution of outcrossing homologous recombination in H. pylori has been shown and this illustrated how mutual recombination can shape a bacterial species [11]. Mosaic genes, possibly formed following frequent recombination episodes and discordant phylogenies, Aldol condensation were distributed throughout H. pylori genomes with most genes exhibiting at least one unique recombination event. Genes with high recombination rates comprised those

entailing DNA transformation, core cellular functions (biosynthesis and metabolism), and host-pathogen interactions (outer membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharide synthesis). Helicobacter pylori is highly diverse on a global scale but geographic separation reduces the recombination frequency between strains from a local area relative to those from outside. This leads to the establishment of a clonal population structure for H. pylori in a given geographic area. For each population, H. pylori has undergone relatively independent evolution processes, resulting in locale specific genomic diversity and differential potential for virulence. Further study to characterize these differences within a local population may help elucidate mechanisms involved in the development of gastroduodenal diseases triggered by H. pylori [12].