Over the 3-month treatment period there were no safety concerns and no evidence of systemic absorption of CsA following topical administration of either Cyclokat dose. Patients treated with the 0.1% Cyclokat formulation showed greatest improvements in corneal and conjunctival staining at 3 months and a dose response effect

was observed for the reduction of conjunctival HLA-DR staining (a biomarker for ocular Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical surface inflammation) at month 3 compared to baseline (vehicle: −10%; 0.025% CsA: −8%; 0.05% CsA −23%, and 0.01% CsA: −50%). A second phase II, 3-month, double-masked placebo controlled study comparing Cyclokat 0.05% and 0.1% versus its cationic emulsion vehicle was conducted in 132 patients with mild to moderate DED utilizing the controlled adverse http://www.selleckchem.com/products/iwr-1-endo.html environment chamber. In this study the efficacy and safety of Cyclokat was assessed by the evaluation of coprimary efficacy endpoints (corneal fluorescein staining as the sign and ocular discomfort as the symptom)

at month 3 after and during exposure to controlled Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical adverse environment chamber, respectively. Although superiority was not achieved for the coprimary endpoints, there was an overall favorable safety profile and efficacy was demonstrated for the improvement of several secondary endpoints addressing Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical DED signs and symptoms with the results favoring the use of the 0.1% dose for subsequent clinical development. The Siccanove study was a 6-month phase III, multicenter, randomized, controlled, double-masked trial of Cyclokat 0.1% administered once daily versus its emulsion vehicle in 492 patients with moderate to severe DED. The primary study objective was to demonstrate Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical superiority of Cyclokat on both a DED sign (mean changes in

CFS using the modified Oxford scale) and DED symptoms (mean change in global score of ocular discomfort using a VAS). Following a washout period during which only artificial tears were allowed, patients were randomized at baseline to treatment with either Cyclokat (n = 242) or its cationic emulsion vehicle (n = 250) and evaluated at study visits at months 1, 3, and 6. As Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical early as month 1 (P = 0.002), patients treated with Cyclokat showed a statistically significant improvement in the mean change in CFS grade compared to the cationic emulsion vehicle from baseline which continued to improve from month 3 (P = 0.030) to month 6, the DED sign coprimary efficacy endpoint. The statistically significant improvements in CFS over PDK4 6 months (P = 0.009) were complemented by a statistically significant improvement in lissamine green staining (P = 0.048) and a reduction in HLA-DR expression (P = 0.022) [65]. Additional, post hoc analysis of the Siccanove study data showed that the benefit of treatment with Cyclokat was greatest in patients with the most severe keratitis (as defined by CFS) at baseline (delta in the mean change in CFS from baseline in CFS grade 2–4 = 0.22, P = 0.