In the bloodstream, C. albicans is exposed to the innate immune defenses. As a part of human innate immune system, serum and its components show different degrees of protection against systemic candidiasis. In this study, the natural proliferation condition of C. albicans was monitored continuously by a Live Cell Movie Analyzer. C. albicans cells in HS moved with Brownian motion in the initial GSK1210151A supplier stage of culture, then failed adhere to the surface of polystyrene plates. This indicates
that C. albicans may remain in a suspended status at the early period of entering the blood stream. Previous studies showed that free-flowing C. albicans can be rapidly cleared from the blood [19]. We determined that human serum facilitates the removal of C. albicans by inhibiting the adhesion of C. albicans on the surface of the endothelial cells. C. albicans possesses virulence factors that are needed to establish candidiasis that are involved in the many steps of this complicated process,
such as adhesion, phenotypic switching, morphogenesis, and biofilm formation [20]. Some factors in the bloodstream, such as temperature and serum, facilitate the {Selleck Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Selleck Antidiabetic Compound Library|Selleck Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Selleck Antidiabetic Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Selleckchem Antidiabetic Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Selleckchem Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|buy Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library ic50|Anti-diabetic Compound Library price|Anti-diabetic Compound Library cost|Anti-diabetic Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-diabetic Compound Library purchase|Anti-diabetic Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-diabetic Compound Library research buy|Anti-diabetic Compound Library order|Anti-diabetic Compound Library mouse|Anti-diabetic Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-diabetic Compound Library mw|Anti-diabetic Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-diabetic Compound Library datasheet|Anti-diabetic Compound Library supplier|Anti-diabetic Compound Library in vitro|Anti-diabetic Compound Library cell line|Anti-diabetic Compound Library concentration|Anti-diabetic Compound Library nmr|Anti-diabetic Compound Library in vivo|Anti-diabetic Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-diabetic Compound Library cell assay|Anti-diabetic Compound Library screening|Anti-diabetic Compound Library high throughput|buy Antidiabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library ic50|Antidiabetic Compound Library price|Antidiabetic Compound Library cost|Antidiabetic Compound Library solubility dmso|Antidiabetic Compound Library purchase|Antidiabetic Compound Library manufacturer|Antidiabetic Compound Library research buy|Antidiabetic Compound Library order|Antidiabetic Compound Library chemical structure|Antidiabetic Compound Library datasheet|Antidiabetic Compound Library supplier|Antidiabetic Compound Library in vitro|Antidiabetic Compound Library cell line|Antidiabetic Compound Library concentration|Antidiabetic Compound Library clinical trial|Antidiabetic Compound Library cell assay|Antidiabetic Compound Library screening|Antidiabetic Compound Library high throughput|Anti-diabetic Compound high throughput screening| filamentation of C. albicans[21–23]. It is reported that filamentation is favorable for C. albicans adhesion and biofilm formation [24, 25]. However, filamentation failed to offset the biofilm formation inhibition caused by the HS-induced adhesion defect, as demonstrated in our study. We also investigated the effect of serum on germ tube formation in C. albicans. Our results BIX 1294 mouse showed that the many rate of germ tube formation is high in HS medium, but compared with the control group, germ
tube formation in the experimental group was delayed in the initial stage of culture (within 90 min). This may be one of the reasons for HS-induced adhesion inhibition. Based on these results, we also think that RPMI 1640 medium may be a more suitable medium than human serum to conduct germ tube testing in C. albicans. In the initial stage of biofilm culture (the adhesion period), low serum concentrations suppressed C. albicans biofilm formation. However, the serum had no effect on pre-adhered biofilms (90 min), even if the serum was in a very high concentration. Thus, we concluded that serum may inhibit biofilm formation by preventing the adhesion of C. albicans, in consensus with previous studies [15, 16]. Recent studies showed that addition of as little as 3% human serum to media can promote C. albicans biofilm formation [14], contrary to our results. This may be explained by the use of different materials, such as serum, culture medium, strains, adhesive medium, and so on. It has been reported that IgG, LL-37, transferrin and lactoferrin, at concentrations close to those found in vivo, can reduce the capacity of C. albicans and bacteria to adhere to polystyrene [17, 26–28].