In addition, we determined whether or not osteocalcin is inversely associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after adjusting for other diabetes risk

factors and the plasma adiponectin level in humans. Methods Subjects We recruited study subjects from among those who attended the Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong between December SCH727965 purchase 2006 and July 2009 for the diagnosis, evaluation, or treatment of diabetes. During this period, 1,785 subjects (942 males and 843 females) underwent a 75-g OGTT, and after acquiring informed consent, plasma samples were obtained and stored at −70 C for future studies involving cardiovascular disorders and diabetes. The exclusion criteria applied were as follows: (1) history of metabolic bone diseases, such as hyperparathyroidism; (2) uncontrolled liver or thyroid diseases; (3) acute illnesses, such as infection, surgery, and hospital admission for a medical condition other than diabetes; (4) recent history of a fracture (<6 months); and (5) medications known to affect bone or glucose metabolism, such as glucocorticoids

or bisphosphonates. In this study, diabetes mellitus was defined by the presence of one of the following: (1) fasting glucose levels at ≥126 mg/dl (≥7.0 mmol/l) or (2) 2-h post-load glucose levels at ≥200 mg/dl (≥11.1 mmol/l). To eliminate the effects of drugs on insulin secretion and sensitivity driven by OGTT, we limited our study subjects to those who had never been treated DAPT cost with oral glucose-lowering agents to eliminate the effects on glucose tolerance, and insulin secretion and sensitivity measured by OGTT.

Finally, 425 subjects, 19–82 years of age (mean age, 53.0 ± 12.0 years), were enrolled in this study. According to the OGTT Histamine H2 receptor results, subjects were diagnosed as follows: NGT (n = 23); pre-diabetes (n = 150), which included subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and both IFG and IGT; and diabetes (n = 252). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee and the Institutional Review Board of Kyung Hee University Hospital and complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. Biochemical measurements After an overnight fast (8~12 h), a 75-g OGTT was begun between 0800 and 0900 hours according to standardized clinical procedures. In brief, after a cannula was inserted in an antecubital vein for blood sampling, basal blood samples were drawn (0 min), then 75 g of glucose (Diasol®, dissolved in 300 ml of water) was consumed within 5 min. Plasma glucose and insulin levels were then determined 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the glucose had been administered. In addition, the plasma C-peptide levels were measured at time 0 and 30 min.