By comet assay, L. acidophilus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus confusus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, and B. longum were antigenotoxic toward N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG; Pool-Zobel et al., 1996). These bacteria were also protective toward 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced genotoxicity. Metabolically active L. acidophilus cells, as well as an acetone extract of the culture, prevented MNNG-induced DNA damage, while heat-treated L. acidophilus was not antigenotoxic. Azomethane-induced colon tumor development was also suppressed with a

decrease in colonic mucosal cell proliferation and tumor ornithine decarboxylase and ras-p21 activities (Hirayama & Rafter, 2000). There was a report on the antitumorigenic activity of the prebiotic inulin, enriched with oligofructose, in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus Panobinostat research buy and Bifidobacterium lactis in the azoxymethane Selleck Ku0059436 (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis rat model (Femia et al., 2002). Other lactic acid bacteria have also shown the ability to lower the risk of colon cancer; however, the relationship between

enzyme activity and cancer risk needs further investigation. There have been several reports indicating that lactobacilli used in dairy products can enhance the immune response of the host. Organisms that have been identified as having this property are B. longum, L. acidophilus, L. casei subsp. rhamnosum, and Lactobacillus helveticus (Isolauri, 2001). However, prospective probiotics should be tested in the future for the enhancement of the immunologic response. The measurements that should be considered are lymphocyte proliferation,

interleukins 1, 2, and 6, TNF, prostaglandin E production, and serum total protein, albumin, globulin, and gamma interferon. The intrinsic properties of lactobacilli to modulate the immune system make them attractive for health applications. Enhanced phagocytic activity of granulocytes, cytokine excretion in lymphocytes, and increased immunoglobulin-secreting cells in blood are typical responses to probiotics, all of which are indicative Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 of changes in the immune system. An inflammatory immune response produced cytokine-activated monocytes and macrophages, causing the release of cytotoxic molecules capable of lysing tumor cells in vitro (Philip & Epstein, 1986). The inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF-α exerted cytotoxic and cytostatic effects on neoplastic cells in in vitro models (Raitano & Kore, 1993). Aatourri et al. (2002) observed increased lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen, peripheral blood, and Peyer’s patches and also increased IFN-γ production in Peyer’s patches and spleen of rats fed yogurt containing L. bulgaricus 100158 and S. thermophilus 001158. Because immune function declines with age, enhancing immunity in the elderly with probiotics would be of particular use (Gill & Rutherfurd, 2001).