Associations with other components were generally weak or null, except for the association of nocturia CT99021 in vivo with increased odds of hypertension (adjusted OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.27–3.14) and increased triglycerides (adjusted OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.07–2.51), and mild LUTS (AUASI 2–7) and mild incomplete emptying with a waist circumference greater than 102 cm. Kupelian et al.24 hypothesized that possible pathophysiological mechanisms to explain the relationship of voiding rather than storage symptoms with MS of BACH survey

data the influence of hyperglycemia on the parasympathetic neurons in the pelvic ganglion. Chronic hyperinsulinemia induced peripheral neuropathy resulting in increased bladder neck obstruction and reduced bladder contractility.7,25 Increased glucose levels are likely to be accompanied by hyperinsulinemia which results in an increase in insulin-like growth factor (IGF). IGF is involved in prostate growth.26 In the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging (BLSA) cohort, men with elevated fasting glucose were three times more likely to have BPH than men with normal glucose levels.27 Increased fasting glucose and diabetes were also associated with the presence of LUTS in this cohort study. Other studies including

the NHANES III cohort (Rohrmann et al.28), Flint Men’s Health Study,29 and a case-control study by Neuhouser et al. (LUTS-MS30) also demonstrated the association of IGF with the risk of LUTS in men. C-reactive protein (CRP), a well-known inflammatory Obeticholic Acid order marker, is known to have an association

Digestive enzyme with cardiovascular diseases. Kupelian et al.31 assessed the relationship between CRP level and LUTS, and found a statistical significant association between CRP levels and overall LUTS among both men and women. There was a dose-response relationship between CRP levels and associated LUTS. However, Hong et al.32 studied the relationship between CRP and overactive bladder (OAB) in women without MS and found no significant correlation between CRP level and OAB symptoms. Many studies support the association of CRP and LUTS, but further research should be conducted to differentiate the significance of inflammatory process with or without MS in the development of LUTS. The prevalence of MS is increasing all over the world and Korea is not an exception. Most of the studies of MS and LUTS in Korea are risk analyses of BPH. Jang et al.33 analyzed the association of MS and BPH in 1412 men. They found that there was a significant correlation between each MS factor and prostate volume. Koo et al.34 also reported that MS is associated with prostate volume-related factors, but not with voiding dysfunction in Korean men aged 60 years or older. Among the subcategories of MS, they reported that obesity is the factor most strongly related to prostate volume. Yim et al.35 studied the correlation of prostate volume with MS and its related parameters.