Aside from the six German Health Research Centres, the policy draws on initiatives to support the achievement of methodological and ethical standards in clinical research and the integration of teams located at university clinics and

fundamental research institutes in medical faculties www.selleckchem.com/products/gs-9973.html (the Integrated Research and Treatment Centres and Clinical Study Centres support mechanisms, both launched in 2006). Another instrument seen as a component of these coordination efforts is the Pharmaceuticals CHIR98014 ic50 Initiative from 2008, which provide a total of 100 million euros to three consortia that have a clear aim to engage in work that leads to the approval and commercialisation of new therapeutic modalities. Discussion Having reviewed the uptake of specific components of the TR model, it is now possible to discuss the degree

of success that these propositions have encountered at a national level Adriamycin purchase in each of our countries. This discussion segues into an evaluation of how institutional landscapes and policy traditions in Austria, Finland and Germany have shaped the reception of the TR model. Table 1 summarizes the findings presented in Section “Results” and forms the basis for this discussion. Table 1 Overview of the impacts of the TR movement on the Austrian, Finnish and German biomedical innovation systems   Austria Finland Germany Experimental platforms—large-scale collaborations OncoTyrol: yes; ASC: no FIMM: no TRAIN: yes Experimental platforms—strenghtening why clinical experimentation OncoTyrol: yes, but limited FIMM: no; broad efforts to improve institutional support for research in academic medicine

centres TRAIN: yes, but limited; broad efforts to improve institutional support for research in academic medicine centres ASC: yes, as a continuation of previous commitments Training and human capital No dedicated training program; small-scale financial support for clinician-scientists starting to be put into place One training programme; policy concern to increase support for clinician-scientists Multiple training programmes with various foci; broad concerns to increase support for clinician-scientists Coordination and policy Multiple coordination initiatives at the policy-level, oriented towards academia–industry relations; lacking coordination at project-level TR as clear policy goal; interdisciplinarity through EU networks; little support for intra-national interdisciplinarity TR as clear policy goal; coordination and business management functions created at project-level In Austria, TR issues have often been narrowed to questions of technology transfer and academia-industry exchanges, with recent but modest initiatives aimed at bringing together clinical and laboratory teams.