Antigenically related serovars have been grouped into at least 24 serogroups [4, 7]. Leptospirosis exists widely in both temperate and tropical climates and has become {Selleck Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Selleck Antidiabetic Compound Library|Selleck Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Selleck Antidiabetic Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Selleckchem Antidiabetic Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Selleckchem Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|buy Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library ic50|Anti-diabetic Compound Library price|Anti-diabetic Compound Library cost|Anti-diabetic Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-diabetic Compound Library purchase|Anti-diabetic Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-diabetic Compound Library research buy|Anti-diabetic Compound Library order|Anti-diabetic Compound Library mouse|Anti-diabetic Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-diabetic Compound Library mw|Anti-diabetic Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-diabetic Compound Library datasheet|Anti-diabetic Compound Library supplier|Anti-diabetic Compound Library in vitro|Anti-diabetic Compound Library cell line|Anti-diabetic Compound Library concentration|Anti-diabetic Compound Library nmr|Anti-diabetic Compound Library in vivo|Anti-diabetic Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-diabetic Compound Library cell assay|Anti-diabetic Compound Library screening|Anti-diabetic Compound Library high throughput|buy Antidiabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library ic50|Antidiabetic Compound Library price|Antidiabetic Compound Library cost|Antidiabetic Compound Library solubility dmso|Antidiabetic Compound Library purchase|Antidiabetic Compound Library manufacturer|Antidiabetic Compound Library research buy|Antidiabetic Compound Library order|Antidiabetic Compound Library chemical structure|Antidiabetic Compound Library datasheet|Antidiabetic Compound Library supplier|Antidiabetic Compound Library in vitro|Antidiabetic Compound Library cell line|Antidiabetic Compound Library concentration|Antidiabetic Compound Library clinical trial|Antidiabetic Compound Library cell assay|Antidiabetic Compound Library screening|Antidiabetic Compound Library high throughput|Anti-diabetic Compound high throughput screening| a serious public health threat in both developed and developing countries. Human infection results from exposure
to the urine of infected animals, either directly or via contaminated soil or water[1, 8]. The clinical manifestations of human leptospirosis are highly variable, ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to severe forms of infection with jaundice, pulmonary hemorrhage, multiple organ failure (mainly kidney and liver) and even death [1]. Different clinical characteristics and maintenance hosts are usually associated with certain serovars [1, 8–10]. Therefore, the serology based taxonomic unit is essential for epidemiology studies, diagnosis and prevention strategies. However, Leptospira serotyping is performed by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using antisera raised in https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bv-6.html rabbits against the corresponding standard references strains. This typing method is laborious and time consuming [11]. Chemical, immunochemical and ultrastructural data on LPS show that the epitope for serovar specificity is the O-antigen [1, 12]. Recently, the O-antigen
gene cluster of Gram-negative GANT61 bacteria has been intensively studied. These genes encode proteins involved in the biosynthesis of the O-antigen and can be divided into three groups [13]. They are nucleotide sugars precursors’ biosynthesis genes, glycosyltransferase genes and the O-antigen processing genes. These genes are generally
found on the chromosome as an O-antigen gene (rfb) cluster. O-genotyping has been used successfully in several bacteria genus, such as E. coli [14], S. enterica [15], S. boydii [16], and Y. pseudotuberculosis [17]. Target genes of these kinds of methods are mainly the second and the third group genes that encode glycosyltransferase and O-antigen processing proteins. DNA-based typing methods, including variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) typing [18–20], insertion-sequence (IS)-based typing [21, 22], pulsed-filed gel electrophoresis (PFGE) [23, 24], restriction fragment length polymorphism[25, 26] and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA [27] have also been employed for the discrimination of serogroups Diflunisal of Leptospira. Compared with O-genotyping method, the results of these methods are not easy to analyze. Lacking of sequences of O-antigen gene clusters from various serogroups, this kind of O-genotyping has not been developed in Leptospira, however. It has been confirmed that genetic variation in the O-antigen gene cluster underlies the structural variation in the O-antigen [28, 29]. It has been demonstrated that O-antigen gene clusters of representative strains from different serogroups of Leptospira were not conservative, especially in the 5′-proximal end [30].
