91 showed that sacroiliac joint dysfunction may also be a risk factor. However, similar to many previously discussed risk factors, the scientific basis of these proposed risk factors is not clear. Hamstring strain injury is one of the most common sports injuries that have significant effects on patients’ quality of life and sports career. The high recurrence rate and serious consequences of this injury have not been fully recognized. Basic science studies have demonstrated that the excessive strain during an eccentric contraction is the general

mechanism of muscle strain injury, and that the severity of the injury is affected by the eccentric contraction speed when the muscle strain Selleckchem BKM120 is large and by the duration of activation before the eccentric contraction. In vivo studies Nintedanib demonstrated that hamstring injury is likely to occur during the late swing phase of sprinting when the knee is extending and the hip is flexed and during the late stance phase before takeoff when knee is extending and the trunk is

leaning forward. Many risk factors including poor flexibility, strength imbalance, insufficient warm-up, and fatigue have been proposed as risk factors for hamstring strain injury. Basic science studies have established the connections between muscle strain and strain injury, muscle optimum length and muscle strain, and flexibility and muscle optimum length, which support poor flexibility and insufficient warm-up as risk factors for hamstring strain injury. However, the theoretical basis of hamstring strength imbalance Bay 11-7085 and other proposed risk factors for hamstring strain injury is lacking. Many clinical studies have been conducted in attempts to provide clinical evidence

to support the proposed risk factors. However, the results of those clinical studies are descriptive and controversial. Clinical evidence for current prevention and rehabilitation programs for hamstring injury is lacking. Future studies are needed to improve the prevention and rehabilitation of hamstring strain injury, particularly randomized controlled trials, in order to establish the cause-and-effect relationships between those proposed risk factors and hamstring strain injury. Future clinical research should consider the interaction effects of multiple risk factors on the risk of hamstring strain injury. Clinical studies on risk factors and prevention and rehabilitation programs should be based on the injury mechanisms established in basic science studies. Evidence-based prevention and rehabilitation programs for hamstring strain injuries can be developed only after risk factors of the injury have been scientifically identified, confirmed, and understood through well-designed basic science and clinical studies. “
“Ankle sprains are common injuries that occur during physical activity, and this pathology has been linked to health impairments.