[30, 31, 33, 34] Differentiation of one particular T helper lineage may be accompanied by the suppression of gene expression programmes that inhibit genes commonly expressed

by other T helper lineages.[32] The occurrence of lineage commitment during proliferation has prompted a focus to understand the maintenance of acquired transcrip-tional programmes through epigenetic mechanisms. It is believed that a specific set of epigenetic modifications may accompany the differentiation of a particular T helper lineage that permit the expression of genes associated with that lineage, including demethylation of DNA and the acquisition of permissive histone modifications, while maintenance or de novo generation of inhibitory marks may

occur selleck inhibitor at loci associated with other GDC-0980 manufacturer T helper lineages.[32, 35-37] One method that has aided the biochemical analysis of such gene regulation following CD4 T-cell activation is the ability to polarize naive CD4 T cells toward these T helper lineages through in vitro culturing conditions.[30, 38, 39] The polarized cells that are products of such conditions can then be exposed to alternative polarizing conditions to measure their ‘plasticity’, or capacity to convert to alternate T helper lineages and express the specific gene expression programmes of the associated T helper fates. Epigenetic regulation plays an important role in regulating the expression of T helper lineage-specific genes, with the classic example being differential regulation of the IFNg and

IL4 loci during the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells. Th1 cells produce large amounts of IFN-γ and do not express IL4, whereas Th2 cells produce the signature cytokine IL-4, as well as IL-5 and IL-13, but do not express IFNg.[33] Analysis of the IFNg expression in Th1 cells is accompanied by permissive histone modifications and demethylation of conserved non-coding sequences at the IFNg locus, while these same regions maintain repressive histone marks and methylated DNA in Th2 cells.[37] In contrast, the IFNg locus remains in a repressed state in differentiating Th2 cells,[37] whereas the IL4 locus undergoes chromatin remodelling and DNA demethylation.[40] Further evidence that epigenetics influence the gene expression programmes of T helper lineages Thiamine-diphosphate kinase is demonstrated by deletion of genes that encode enzymes necessary for DNA methylation. The maintenance methyltransferase Dnmt1 plays an important role in the repression of the IL4 and Foxp3 loci, and deficiency of Dnmt1 results in inappropriate expression of these genes.[41-43] Likewise, CD4 T cells lacking the de novo methyltransferase Dnmt3a can simultaneously express IFNg and IL4 under non-skewing activation conditions, and hypomethylation of both of these loci allows for the development of Th2 cells with a propensity to express IFNg when re-stimulated under Th1 conditions.