2008; Tian et al. 2005; Urey 1952; Walker

and Brimblecombe 1985). Experimental Procedures Identification of Vials and Experimental Description Miller’s archived samples were found stored in labeled four-dram vials. They were catalogued and identified by consulting Miller’s original laboratory notebooks, which are kept in the Mandeville Special Nivolumab purchase Collections in the Geisel Library at the University of California, San Diego (Stanley L. Miller collection, Laboratory Notebook 2, page 114, Serial number 655, MSS642, Box 25, Mandeville Collections, Geisel Library). The samples chosen for analysis came from a collection consisting of several vials containing dried residues prepared by Miller from his aforementioned 1958 experiment. In this experiment he used the classic two-chambered apparatus configuration that he originally tested in 1953 (Miller 1953, 1955). The apparatus was filled with 300 mL H2O and a mixture of CH4 (258 mm Hg), CO2 (87 mm Hg), H2S (100 mm

Hg) and NH3 (250 mm Hg). According to Miller’s 1958 laboratory notebooks, a few minutes after the experiment was initiated on March 24, 1958, a yellowing of the solution was observed, possibly from the formation of sulfur-bearing organic compounds or the polymerization of hydrogen cyanide (HCN). A day after the start of the experiment, Miller reported “a large amount of [elemental] sulphur had deposited in the 5 L Erlotinib manufacturer flask. Shook up the flask to get the sulphur away from the electrode”. No major changes were subsequently observed the day after, and on March 27, 1958 the sparking and boiling were stopped, L-gulonolactone oxidase and the water solution extracts sampled directly from the apparatus were placed in a freezer. A few days later, on March 30, a pressure of 854 mm Hg was registered, with a pH of approximately 8, with “little NH3, H2S (or

CO2) present” (S. L. Miller, 1958, Laboratory Notebook 2, page 114, Serial number 655, MSS642, Box 25, Mandeville Collections, Geisel Library). The increase in pressure at the end of the experiment was not addressed by Miller but may have been due to the production of carbon monoxide (CO) and molecular hydrogen (H2). The experiment was terminated 3 days later, and the products were placed in a freezer. On June 17, 1958 he passed the solution through filter paper with suction. The solution had a yellow-red color, “somewhat like cytochrome C” (S. L. Miller, 1958, Laboratory Notebook 2, page 114, Serial number 655, MSS642, Box 25, Mandeville Collections, Geisel Library). The solution from the experiment was separated into various fractions by ion chromatography (Miller 1955), which were dried and stored.