, 2008). Like humans, animals vary in their individual behavioural responses to stress such that stress paradigms can produce cohorts of animals that can be

classified as either stress-susceptible or stress-resilient, depending upon their behavioural response to stress (Krishnan et al., 2007 and Feder et al., 2009). For example, chronic stress in susceptible rodents can induce depression-like behaviours such as anhedonia and social withdrawal, while such behaviours are not induced in resilient animals (Krishnan et al., 2007 and Willner, 1997). Thus, animals can be segregated selleck kinase inhibitor into subgroups of stress-resilient and stress-susceptible animals in an effort to identify the neurobiological mechanisms underlying stress resilience (Jayatissa et al., 2006, Blugeot et al., 2011, Strekalova et al., 2004 and Wood et al., 2010). Interestingly, this variation in the stress response has been linked to hippocampal volumes whereby resilient animals exhibit increase hippocampal volume (by 4%), even after stress, while susceptible animals exhibit decreases in volume (by 1%) (Tse et al., 2014), findings which parallel the volumetric losses in the hippocampus of individuals with depression or PTSD (Sheline et al., 1996 and Felmingham et al., 2009), both of which

are stress-related disorders. However, while many studies have investigated the effects of stress on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, relatively few RG7420 research buy have determined whether stress-induced changes in adult hippocampal neurogenesis occur specifically in animals that are more resilient or more susceptible to the behavioural and neuroendocrine effects of stress. While there is a general agreement that chronic stress can

decrease adult hippocampal neurogenesis (Simon et al., 2005, Jayatissa et al., 2006, Jayatissa et al., 2009, Lehmann et al., 2013, Mitra et al., 2006, Dranovsky and Phosphoprotein phosphatase Hen, 2006, Schoenfeld and Gould, 2012, Pham et al., 2003, Perera et al., 2011 and Fa et al., 2014), it is also important to note that negative findings have also been reported (Hanson et al., 2011a, Lee et al., 2006, Lyons et al., 2010, O’Leary et al., 2012 and Parihar et al., 2011). While these negative findings might be stressor, species, sex or strain-dependent (Schoenfeld and Gould, 2012, Hanson et al., 2011b, Westenbroek et al., 2004 and Lisowski et al., 2011), it is also important to consider that interindividual variation in the behavioural susceptibility to stress might contribute to conflicting findings. This also raises the question as to whether changes in adult hippocampal neurogenesis may predict resilience or susceptibility to stress-induced changes in behaviour. Alternatively, an inhibitors individual’s behavioural response to stress may be independent of the effects of stress on adult hippocampal neurogenesis.