, 2007). It was concluded that insecticide impregnated bed nets may provide a practical means of

controlling sandflies entering houses, although the result suggest that further trials are needed. The peak of biting activity of most vector species is shortly after sundown before children are in bed suggesting that impregnated bed nets may have little effect. However, if impregnated bed nets cause a fall in the life expectancy of sandflies, risk of an infection may be reduced. An assessment of the efficacy of this intervention cannot be made until the trials are completed (Killick-Kendrick, 1999). However, long-lasting insecticide-impregnated bed nets, which are produced by companies in recent years, had a limited effect on the exposure to sandfly bites (Gidwani et al., click here 2011). As an alternative to bed nets some trials have been made

with insecticide impregnated curtains (Maroli and Majori, 1991), insecticide impregnated dog collars (Killick-Kendrick et al., 1997) and insecticide-treated sugar bates are also novel approach for control (Mascari and Foil, 2010 and Müller and Schlein, 2011). Other than insecticides, there are some novel sustainable approaches such as pheromone dispenser baits (Bray et al., 2010 and Bray et al., 2009) and cultivation of noxious plants against sandflies (Schlein and Jacobson, 2002). Based on cell culture studies, Selenazole was reported to be an effective inhibitor of Sicilian virus (Kirsi et al., 1983). Ribavirin was used to treat volunteers experimentally infected with Sicilian virus using an oral dose Ku-0059436 cost of 400 mg every 8 h beginning 1 day before infection for 8 days (Huggins, 1989). None of the volunteers treated with Ribavirin became sick. A combination

of human recombinant interferon-α and Ribavirin was proposed based on in vitro efficacy against Sicilian virus ( Crance et al., 1997). Interferon-induced Glycogen branching enzyme MxA protein was reported to inhibit Sicilian virus in vitro by affecting the early step of viral replication ( Frese et al., 1996). In another study, the pyrazine derivatives T-705 and T-1106, showed in vitro activity against Naples virus with a lower toxicity than Ribavirin ( Gowen et al., 2010 and Gowen et al., 2007). Several properties of the sandfly-borne phleboviruses make them good candidates for further emergence as human pathogens. Because the geographic distribution of these agents is dictated by the distribution of their vectors, climate change can modulate at-risk areas and human populations. The high rate of mutation of these viruses due to the lack of proofreading activity of the viral RNA polymerase generates quasispecies populations, a situation favoring the selection of variants with modified phenotypes, potentially including increased virulence and/or transmission efficiency.