, 2005). More specifically, a spherical, intranuclear fibrogranular organelle was characterized using ultrastructural cytochemical and immunocytochemical techniques. Regarding T. cruzi nucleolus

formation, it has been reported that this organelle is only structured in well-defined developmental stages in which T. cruzi proliferates (Elias et al., 2001), because proliferation demands vigorous cellular transcription and translation. ATM/ATR inhibitor To address the link between cellular proliferation, metabolic activity and ribosome biosynthesis in T. cruzi, it is important to establish such basic parameters as transcription rate and nucleolar size. The in vitro growth curve of epimastigotes represents a viable system for attaining these goals. Because rRNA transcription represents

the vast majority of transcription in T. cruzi (Elias et al., 2001), it is likely that the difference in the total transcription rate between exponentially growing and stationary cells, observed here, mainly represents distinctive rRNA-related biosynthetic activity. The transcription activity in T. cruzi cultures at stationary phase has been analysed earlier, but the published reports show an apparent incomplete or contradictory data. On the one hand, there is a report with the statement of an observed reduced transcription activity for noninfective T. cruzi forms at stationary phase, but the data is not shown (Elias et al., 2001). In contrast, in a second publication it is claimed that epimastigotes at stationary phase sustain a high transcription activity derived by RNA polymerase II (Ferreira et al., 2008), nevertheless Palbociclib solubility dmso the contribution of RNA polymerase I is not discussed. In any case, the results presented here agree with the first statement (Elias et al., 2001). Because the transcription sustained by RNA polymerase I represents the main transcription activity in T. Phloretin cruzi, transcription of ribosomal genes (rRNA)

in this species may be coregulated with cellular proliferation status, and not only with development (Elias et al., 2001). A link between cell growth and the transcription of rRNA genes is likely evolutionarily conserved because it has been noted in other eukaryotic species, including vertebrate cells (Moss et al., 2007). In most eukaryotes, the transcription of tandem arrays of reiterated rRNA genes results in organization of the nucleolus (reviewed in Hadjiolov, 1985). The T. cruzi genome harbours around 110 copies of rRNA genes (Castro et al., 1981) clustered with spacers longer than 20 kb (Hernández & Castañeda, 1983). In the present work, our comparison of nucleoli from growing and stationary cells revealed that nucleoli area is significantly larger during exponential growth. The granular preponderance of nucleoli and cytoplasm in actively dividing cells most likely reflects the abundance of preribosomes and ribosomes under these physiological conditions.