107,108 The complete understanding of the MEL/photoperiodic readout requires a link with the identified downstream response in the PT. This is still difficult. The PT has indeed been demonstrated to relay photoperiodic/MEL information to lactotroph cells in the pituitary through production of a prolactin-releasing (or release inhibitor) factor. This factor, termed “tuberlin,”67,99 has not yet been identified. Photoperiod-induccd changes in prolactin

secretion, however, are not enough to explain the annual sexual cycle. This implies Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that to mediate photoperiodic information MEL must act. on other target sites. This multisite of action concept, is supported by the observation that a long-duration MEL infusion, which mimics short Erlotinib research buy photoperiod (SP), in hamsters with lesions of the dorsomedial hypothalamus is Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical unable to induce a decrease in luteinizing hormone levels, while the prolactin levels decrease normally.109,110 Moreover, in the sheep, MEL implants in the mediobasal hypothalamus block the effects of SP on luteinizing hormone but. not on prolactin, while implants close to the PT inhibit, prolactin secretion.111 Interestingly, in hamsters, MEL binding sites have been detected Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (although at a very low density) and their density depends on the photoperiod (author’s laboratory, unpublished data).

This hypothesis of a parallel and concomitant action of MEL on different, structures to transduce the photoperiodic message is very attractive. Via changes in duration Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of MEL secretion, the photoperiod is known to control not only the annual reproductive cycle, but also a large number of other seasonal functions (eg, hibernation, daily torpor, fur color changes, migration, etc). Considering that not all these functions are expressed in all species and that, even when a given function is expressed, the control mechanisms

involved are very Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical different from one species to another (eg,SP induces an activation of the sexual axis in sheep but an inhibition in Syrian and Siberian hamsters; hibernation depends directly on photoperiod in the Syrian hamster, while in the European hamster it depends on a “circannual clock” [itself entrained by photoperiod]), it is probable that MEL acts on different structures depending on the species and the function. This concept Astemizole explains the large interspecies differences in the distribution of MEL receptor-containing structures observed in mammals. In regard to photoperiodic responses, results obtained with the various MEL receptor antagonists should be considered. The antagonist S 20928 has been shown to block the SP-induced body mass increase and to increase basal metabolism in the garden dormouse.112 S 22153 is a MEL ligand characterized as a putative MEL antagonist of MT1, and MT2 MEL receptor subtypes,92 which blocks the phase-shifting effect of MEI .