2001; Leakey et al. 2004). Few studies, in which both responses were simultaneously analyzed in plants growing in the field (Logan et al. 1997; Watling et al. 1997b; Adams et al. 1999), showed adjustment of the partitioning of absorbed light energy between photochemistry and photoprotection of photosystem

II (PSII) in response to dynamically changing PAR over a day, somewhat increased accumulation of the xanthophyll-cycle pigments (violaxanthin, V; antheraxanthin, A; zeaxanthin, Z), and retention of A and Z in leaves after exposure to strong sunflecks. The light-induced de-epoxidation of V to A and Z in the xanthophyll cycle is known to be involved in photoprotective thermal energy dissipation (Demmig-Adams 1990; Niyogi et al. 1998) and protection of thylakoid membranes against lipid peroxidation (Havaux and Niyogi 1999; Havaux et al. 2007). Thus, upregulation of these photoprotective mechanisms seems to be crucial for acclimation of LL-grown INK 128 clinical trial plants to fluctuating light environment with sunflecks. Compared to diurnal changes in photosynthesis and photoprotection under fluctuating light environment or physiological and biochemical properties

of leaves acclimated https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Fulvestrant.html to sunfleck conditions, much less is known about the acclimatory processes which bring about such alterations in leaf properties. How quickly can the capacities of photoprotection and carbon gain change in leaves during acclimation to sunfleck conditions? Are the acclimatory processes Phospholipase D1 for photosynthesis and photoprotection similarly or differently affected by duration, frequency and intensity of sunflecks? In order to address these questions, we exposed LL-grown plants of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana (hereafter Arabidopsis), a common laboratory accession Columbia-0 (Col-0), to well-defined sunfleck conditions in a controlled climate chamber and monitored acclimatory

changes in PSII activities, starch accumulation, and leaf growth for 7 days. Owing to the availability of large genetic resources and extensive knowledge accumulating at all levels from genes to whole plant, Arabidopsis has become an important model system in plant biology. Unlike forest understorey plants, however, Arabidopsis usually occupies open or disturbed habitats and is a poor competitor in dense vegetations (Koornneef et al. 2004). This may imply limited capacities of Arabidopsis plants to grow under LL + sunflecks environments, possibly due to low carbon gain and/or insufficient photoprotection in such conditions. Effects of sunfleck duration, frequency, and intensity on the acclimatory responses were examined by applying short sunflecks (SSF, lasting 20 s) at two different intensities (650 or 1,250 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and two different intervals (every 6 or 12 min) or long sunflecks (LSF, lasting 40 min) at 650 μmol photons m−2 s−1 once a day. The sunfleck treatments were performed under PAR of the LL growth condition (50 μmol photons m−2 s−1).