[45] However, cruise lines are not legally required to offer pre-placement vaccination as part of their occupational health programs and may not choose to incur the cost and administrative responsibilities associated with varicella immunity screening and vaccine procurement, maintenance, and administration. Further, providing prompt case management and vaccinating those exposed has been an effective response strategy, given the

rapid access to the entire cohort of crew, the availability of the vaccine in the United States, and the ability to enforce standards and conduct follow-up among all potentially exposed. However, this strategy is time-consuming and takes crew members out of the workforce. In addition, it leaves a large proportion of susceptible crew members Pirfenidone price at risk for future infection with the potential for spread among passengers, including Enzalutamide manufacturer immunocompromised persons and pregnant women who are at higher risk for complications. Our investigation has several limitations. Although febrile rash illnesses are reportable to CDC under federal regulations, the reporting system is passive and subject to underreporting. Other limitations included

possible misclassification of cases and the inability to identify secondary cases among passengers due to short voyage lengths (average 7 d). By law, ships can be requested but not required to provide susceptibility status and other contact tracing data. Since this information was not systematically collected, analyses using the total number of susceptible contacts as a denominator could not be carried out. Cruise lines should continue to implement CDC-recommended response protocols to rapidly curtail varicella outbreaks, including timely clinical and public health management and infection control measures such as case isolation and contact monitoring and restriction as needed. Cases and outbreaks check details of diseases of public health interest should

be reported to the CDC and foreign ministries of health in accordance with international reporting standards. While cruise lines, for the most part, have the medical capability to effectively manage cases and outbreaks of varicella, CDC will continue to maintain industry-directed Web-based guidance[40] and provide support for outbreak investigation and response. To reduce the logistical burden of responding to varicella outbreaks and to minimize the health risk to crew and passengers from varicella illness, cruise lines should consider whether pre-placement varicella-immunity screening and vaccination of crew members is a cost-effective option for their respective fleet operations.