1 terminator chemistry and a 3130xl genetic analyzer, both from Applied Biosystems. The sequencing traces were read manually because of their very low signal strength (<50 for each base), but reading was possible due to the even lower background. Subsequent sequencing of all four ORFs in a PCR product made from each mutant confirmed the accuracy of the mutant identifications. The sequences were submitted for blast similarity searches (Altschul et al., 1990) against

both the Mu genome nucleotide and protein sequences to identify the sequence changes in each mutant phage. The goal of this work was to identify the ORFs in the Mu genome corresponding to the J and K genes, which were defined selleck chemicals llc previously by complementation assays and genetic mapping (Howe et al., 1979; O’Day et al., 1979). As shown in Table 3, all the three J mutants sequenced contain amber codons in the Mup36 ORF and all the three K mutants

contain amber mutations in the Mup37 ORF. These genes are located in a particularly interesting region of the Mu genetic map because it contains the junction between the head-gene module and the tail-gene module of the Mu genome and may encode proteins involved in ‘finishing’ and connecting the heads and tails to form the mature phage particles. Early experiments to investigate the functions of Mu late proteins involved Pexidartinib molecular weight (1) electron microscopy of lysates and partially purified particle components (Grundy & Howe, 1985) and (2)

assaying tuclazepam the in vitro complementation of mutant lysates to form complete, infectious phage particles upon mixing (Giphart-Gassler et al., 1981). For example, in the latter assay, head mutants produced defective heads but normal tails, and thus served as good tail donors. In these experiments, most of the mutants chosen for analysis had mutations mapping late in the gene to minimize potential polar effects of the amber mutations (Howe et al., 1979; O’Day et al., 1979; Giphart-Gassler et al., 1981; Grundy & Howe, 1985). Lysates produced with J mutants contained unattached tails and DNA-containing full heads (Grundy & Howe, 1985) and served as good tail donors (Giphart-Gassler et al., 1981). Thus, the authors suggested that J may be involved in preparing the head for joining to tails (Giphart-Gassler et al., 1981; Grundy & Howe, 1985). Lysates from K mutants contained abnormally long tail structures and served as head donors in the in vitro complementation assay, suggesting a role of K protein in tail formation or stabilization (Giphart-Gassler et al., 1981; Grundy & Howe, 1985). Recent bioinformatic analysis has demonstrated that the Mu K gene product is related to the phage λ U protein, the tail terminator protein (Pell et al., 2009). The fact that K is the analogous protein for Mu is also consistent with the observation that both λU and Mu K mutants make aberrantly long, unattached tails (Katsura & Kühl, 1975; Grundy & Howe, 1985).