, 2008). Thus, an intrinsic temporal switch may be involved in sensitizing the axons to these longitudinal gradients. Extrinsic factors in the spinal cord would add an additional level of regulation to modulate and fine-tune the guidance program. Extrinsic spatial and intrinsic temporal regulation might act together to switch commissural axon trajectory from DV to AP at the floorplate, ensuring high fidelity in axon turning at this intermediate

target. See Supplemental Experimental Procedures for further details on the experiments. All animal work was performed in accordance with the Canadian Council on Animal Care Guidelines and approved by the IRCM Animal Care Committee. Embryos were fixed in 4% Veliparib cell line paraformaldehyde (PFA) in PBS. Neural tubes were dissected from the fixed embryos, pinned open, and small 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine

perchlorate (DiI; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) crystals were inserted to the medial neural tube dorsal of the motor column to label five to nine individual cohorts per embryo (Farmer et al., 2008). The DiI was allowed to diffuse for 1 or 2 days, and the neural tubes were then mounted open book and imaged. Dissociated commissural neuron cultures were prepared from the dorsal fifth of E13 rat neural tubes as previously described (Langlois selleck inhibitor et al., 2010; Yam et al., 2009). Neurons were assessed at 2 DIV (50–55 hr after plating) and 3–4 DIV (76–102 hr after plating). The Dunn chamber axon Casein kinase 1 guidance assay, imaging, and analysis were performed as previously detailed (Yam et al., 2009). Gradients were generated with 0.1 μg/ml recombinant human Shh (C24II; R&D Systems),

0.2 μg/ml recombinant Netrin (a gift from T.E. Kennedy), or buffer containing BSA (the vehicle for Shh) as the control in the outer well. Open-book preparations of rat E13 spinal cords were isolated and cultured as previously described by Lyuksyutova et al. (2003). After 1 hr in culture, Tat-YFP-R18 or the control Tat-YFP- WLKL was added to the culture media to a final concentration of either 100 or 150 ng/ml and cultured for 24 hr. Open-book explants were fixed at room temperature with 4% PFA, washed with PBS, and labeled with DiI. Chick spinal cord electroporation was performed at HH st. 18/19 as described by Luria et al. (2008). A total of 5–10 μg/μl solution of plasmid DNA was injected into the lumbar neural tube. The embryos were electroporated using platinum/iridium electrodes (FHC) with an ECM 830 Electro Square Porator (BTX; Harvard Apparatus; 30V, 5 pulses, 50 ms, at 1 s interval). Shells were sealed with Parafilm and incubated at 38°C until harvesting at HH st. 28/29. We thank E. Ruthazer for critical reading of the manuscript. We are grateful to K.K. Murai for access to his spinning-disc confocal microscope. We thank J. Barthe, J. Cardin, S.D. Langlois, I. Rambaldi, and T. Shimada for expert assistance. We thank D. Rowitch for Math1-Cre mice, P.T.