Only for few very stable viruses, such as SV-40, virus titers persited longer. Based upon those studies, and supported by the results of a systematic literature search (applicable to standard adherently growing MDCK cells), Cabozantinib concentration MDCK 33016 suspension cells support

the growth of only a limited range of viruses. In this context the relevant viruses are influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, reovirus, and herpes simplex virus. This permissiveness spectrum is very similar to that seen in embryonated eggs [7]. Therefore, like embryonated eggs used in current influenza vaccine manufacture, MDCK 33016 cells should act as an effective barrier for a wide range of adventitious agents. Moreover, MDCK 33016 cells do not support the replication of many avian viruses. This is of particular relevance if an avian virus contaminant is introduced into the process by prior passaging of the vaccine virus strain in embryonated eggs. The clinical specimens used for our studies were collected during the peak of an influenza season in February and March 2008 in order to gain more information about isolation rates in MDCK 33016PF cells in suspension culture. The results of those studies will be published elsewhere. Considering the selection of specimens, the high percentage of influenza-positive results is not surprising, but a significant number of samples

(66/370 or 17.8%) also tested positive for other viruses, such as adenovirus, bocavirus, coronavirus, enterovirus, metapneumovirus (HMPV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Except for RSV and PIV, the same viruses were also detected as Small molecule library co-infections together with influenza virus. Such co-infections together with influenza viruses have also been published previously for RSV [23], [24] and [25], PIV [23], HMPV [25] and [26], and for adenovirus and bocavirus [24], although the overall frequency was comparatively low. Those previous reports were all based on PCR detection methods, applying Levetiracetam a more restricted virus spectrum than the ResPlex II method. We were unable to find reports about co-infections of influenza

virus with other viruses identified via cell culture isolation methods, although such double-infected study materials have certainly been used in high numbers. This indicates that cell cultures selectively support replication of specific viruses and that, in addition, the virus identification methods used were less specific or less sensitive than PCR-based methods. For the purpose of our studies the ResPlex II® multiplex PCR method was chosen because it combined detection of a wide range of relevant respiratory viruses with simple application (one-tube assay, rapid results from only one test run), and particularly because it could be applied to the available small volumes. Currently, limited information is available about the sensitivity and specificity of the ResPlex II v 2.