32 Finally, a poor overall response rate of schizophrenic symptoms in both groups was determined, with no significant differences concerning positive, negative,

or depressive symptoms. An important, limitation, however, involves the small sample size of 24 patients. A recent pilot study, however, provided some evidence that treatment with aripiprazole, a partial dopamine agonist with high affinity for both dopamine D2 and D3 receptors, might, possibly lower both the desire for and the use of cocaine in these patients.35 As a result, significant, decreases in craving for cocaine, strikingly fewer positive urine screens, and significant Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical decreases in psychotic symptoms suggest, that aripiprazole may be of benefit. Anyway, these findings need a cautious interpretation Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with respect to the small sample size of 10 subjects, and should be reassessed anyway using a double-blind, randomized comparison study design. Intervention and aim of treatment Since Talazoparib schizophrenia and substance misuse have been determined to be closely interdependent, a dual diagnosis – treatment of schizophrenia and drug abuse is needed. Currently, research is focusing on a range of psychological strategies such as family intervention,

skills training, cognitive therapy, or development of substance refusal.36,37 Most of these psychological Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical interventions are based on cognitive behavioral procedures. To date, there is a growing body of evidence that motivational enhancement interventions, which tend to alter drug use and refine skills, may be a feasible first-line intervention for substance abuse in early psychosis.38 Kavanagh et al2 recommend a division into at least, three groups: schizophrenic patients with mild substance-related problems, who benefit, from brief, motivational Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical interventions;

those patients who profit from social support and more extensive skills training; and finally those patients with severe cognitive deficits who need ongoing environmental structure and social support, for an indefinite period. However, the main focus of treatment for these patients consists in stabilization of psychotic symptoms, hostility, and agitation. Several new antipsychotic medications, such as risperidone, clozapine, or olanzapine, have been introduced, and appear to be at least as effective as the typical antipychotics. Bumetanide Furthermore, strong evidence have been provided that these “atypical” neuroleptics produce fewer extrapyramidal side effects (RPS) and a lower risk of tardive dyskinesia.39 As already discussed, patients who develop RPS or neuroleptic dysphoria may use substances in order to alleviate these side effects. Therefore some atypical antipsychotics may be of benefit.40 Currently, most of the data on comorbidity are based on clozapine, which has been found to be approximately equally effective in treatment-resistant patients with and without substance abuse.