Funding This paper was funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institute of Child Health and Human Development, grant R03HD060673. Declaration of Interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We thank Michael Pollard and Peter Brownell for comments on an earlier draft of this article.
Rapid smoking is an aversive counter-conditioning technique that has been Gemcitabine synthesis investigated as a potential strategy to help smokers quit. It consists of smoking rapidly to produce an unpleasant syndrome that becomes a conditioned response to smoking and might help the individual stop smoking. Symptoms of rapid smoking can include transient nausea, dizziness, lightheadedness, clammy skin, burning throat, tingling sensation, headache, and heart racing (Lichtenstein, Harris, Birchler, Wahl, & Schmahl, 1973; Juliano, Houtsmuller, & Stitzer, 2006).

Although unpleasant, rapid smoking seems to pose few serious safety problems (Hall, Sachs, Hall, & Benowitz, 1984; Russell, Raw, Taylor, Feyerabend, & Saloojee, 1978; Danaher 1977). Although initial studies suggested its usefulness for smoking cessation, most evidence is inconclusive due to methodological problems, and its practice has been mostly abandoned. (For more thorough discussion, see review by Hajek & Stead, 2004.) More recent studies of rapid smoking indicate that it is associated with short-term reductions in craving (Houtsmuller & Stitzer, 1999; Juliano et al., 2006) and longer latency, or time, to subsequent smoking (Dallery, Houtsmuller Pickworth, & Stitzer, 2003).

Rapid smoking protocols have typically included timed cigarette puffing that occurs every 6�C10 s for 3 min or until the smoker is unable to continue (Lichtenstein et al., 1973). Paced smoking, in contrast, is a similar procedure, where the time between puffs (or interpuff interval [IPI]) is increased to 30 s. Paced smoking does not elicit aversive sensations and in some studies has been used as an inactive control (Hall et al., 1984). An alternate protocol for rapid smoking is smoking three or more cigarettes in brief time intervals, ranging from 8 to 20 min (Dallery et al., 2003; Hall et al., 1984; Juliano et al., 2006). As an aversive technique, smokers would not be expected to practice rapid smoking in their own environment. Studies of smoking topography in smokers with schizophrenia (SS) have found differences compared with community smokers who do not have mental illness.

SS demonstrate more intense smoking characterized by more frequent puffs per cigarette and shorter time IPI (Williams et al., 2011; Tidey, Rohsenow, Kaplan, & Swift, 2005). Shorter IPI is associated with higher nicotine intake (Williams et al., 2011). Given the short time between puffs seen in other studies, we were interested to see if SS naturalistically practice rapid smoking using topography data gathered from a study of smoking behavior AV-951 measured outside of the laboratory.