Crown ethers are cyclic ethers built with several oxyethylene (-C-C-O-) units, whereas calixarenes are cyclic oligomers built with phenol units (Figure 1). They act as host molecules to encapsulate guest species in their cavities through non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen(H)-bond and/or van der Waals (vdW) forces. Applications of crown ethers and calixarenes as molecular receptors, metal cation extraction agents, fluoroionophores and phase transfer catalytic media have been previously described in a number of studies in the literature [1�C5].Figure 1.Schematic structures of dibenzo-18-crown-6-ether (DB18C6), benzo-18-crown-6-ether (B18C6), and calix[4]arene (C4A).

One of the important aspects of these host/guest molecular systems is their selectivity in the encapsulation of guest species.

There are two important factors controlling the selectivity: the size and the flexibility of the host cavity. If the size of the cavity of the host molecule matches that of the guest species, the host shows an efficient selectivity for the encapsulation of the particular species. For example, the 18-crown-6-ether (18C6) forms an exceptionally stable 1:1 complex with K+ [6,7] (compared to other alkali metal cations) because 18C6 forms a ring conformation of D3d symmetry and the size of its cavity is comparable to the size of the spherical K+. As regards to calixarenes, p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene was found to selectively extract C60 from the mixture containing C60 and C70 [8,9].

Another important point for the selectivity is the effect of solvent molecules.

In crown ethers, the preferential capture of K+ by 18C6 occurs in aqueous solution [10�C15], while in the gas phase, 18C6 as well as 12-crown-4 (12C4) and 15-crown-5 (15C5) shows the largest binding GSK-3 energy to Li+ (not with K+) among the alkali-metal cations [16�C20]. Previous studies suggested that the water solvation to the complexes enhances the binding energy with K+ [21,22]. Therefore, a stepwise study starting from the isolated molecule to micro-solvated complexes is essential to understand the mechanism of the encapsulation of crown ethers. Molecular clusters provide an Dacomitinib ideal environment for the precise study of the micro-solvated effects under solvent-controlled conditions.

Recently, such a study has been reported by Lisy and coworkers. [23�C25]. They investigated the structure of the 18C6-alkali metal cation (LI+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, and Mn2+) complexes with solvent molecules (water and methanol) by IRPD spectroscopy and mass spectrometric techniques. Detailed investigation of the structure for the isolated and water-solvated crown ethers has been also carried out by Zwier and coworkers. [26�C28].