, 2010). In the same study, it was observed that the HSP30p-mediated expression of FLO11 ORF in either BM45 or VIN13 did not generate a flocculent phenotype under either standard laboratory media or synthetic MS300 must fermentation conditions. In the present study, we demonstrate that HSP30p-FLO11-based transgenic BM45 and VIN13 wine yeast strains are capable of a novel

MI-flocculation phenotype that seems to exclusively occur under authentic red wine fermentation conditions. This flocculation phenotype Veliparib order can be characterized as being partially Ca2+ dependent and Ca2+ independent. In particular, we show that HSP30p-FLO11 transgenic wine yeast strains displaying this trait were able to produce significantly clearer wines with compacted Pexidartinib ic50 lees fractions. All yeast strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Yeast strains were routinely cultivated at 30 °C in rich YEPD medium, containing 1% yeast

extract, 2% peptone and 2% glucose. For selection of sulphometuron methyl (SM)-resistant BM45 and VIN13 transformants, SC medium containing 0.67% YNB and 2% glucose was supplemented with 280 and 300 μg mL−1 SM (DuPont Agricultural Products, France), respectively. Yeast strains were cryopreserved in YEPD supplemented with 15% glycerol (Ausubel et al., 1995). The cell density of suitably diluted yeast cell suspensions in 100 mM EDTA was manually determined using a haemocytometer. Grapes of Vitis vinifera Merlot (200 kg) were rinsed with sulphited water, destemmed and crushed.

As a precaution, damaged grape clusters (broken or with visual microbial alterations) were discarded in order to eliminate undesirable contamination. Red grape must [24.2% sugar (glucose and fructose), 5.8 g L−1 titratable acidity and pH 5.8] was sulphited to 40 mg L−1. Low-density-lipoprotein receptor kinase Thereafter, red grape must was batch fermented in 20-L plastic buckets containing 3 kg of Merlot grape juice that was adjusted to exactly 10 kg by the addition of a mixture consisting of grape pulp and skins. This was followed by the addition of 4 g of diammonium phosphate. Yeast precultures in YEPD were prepared and processed as described previously (Govender et al., 2008). Thereafter, wild-type and transgenic yeast inoculum populations were preacclimatized for wine fermentations by incubation at 30 °C for 4 h with shaking at 160 r.p.m. in filter (0.22 μm cellulose acetate)-sterilized 50% v/v Merlot juice diluted with distilled water. The fermentative potential of BM45 and VIN13 wild-type strains and their transgenic derivatives were assessed in triplicate. Assuming a ratio of 0.